FMDS Student Papers

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https://repository.upou.edu.ph/handle/20.500.13073/52
Research outputs by graduate students of the Faculty of Management and Development Studies.

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Browsing FMDS Student Papers by Subject "Research Subject Categories::FORESTRY, AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES and LANDSCAPE PLANNING::Animal production::Fishery"
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    Gleaning Fisheries in Selected Intertidal Areas of Sta.Cruz and Digos City, Davao Del Sur
    ( 2021-04-24) Marfil, Felisa Jyl C.
    Gleaning is a common fishery practice in coastal communities since it only requires simple methods, minimal tools, and gleaning areas are easily accessible. Macroinvertebrates make up bulk of the gleaning catch given that most of these fauna are slow-moving or sessile. A study to survey the macro- invertebrate gleaning fishery in selected intertidal areas of Davao del Sur was conducted on March 2019. Gleaning site and market surveys were carried out and purposive sampling was employed for the interview. The study documented twenty-four (24) genera of macro-invertebrates which belong to three (3) phyla, namely, Arthropoda, Brachiopoda and Mollusca. Thirteen (13) macroinvertebrate species were observed in both study sites, respectively. The Sorensen coefficient (SS) was 0.15 which implies that there are only few similar species present in both study sites. The interview also revealed that gastropods and bivalves are the usual targeted species of the gleaners in both study sites. It can be concluded that macroinvertebrates are still abundant and gleaning fishery is still prevalent in Barangay Bato, Sta. Cruz and Barangay Sinawilan, Digos City, Davao del Sur. A more comprehensive study and regular monitoring of gleaning activities in the study sites is recommended.
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    Perceived Impacts Of Climate Change, Vulnerability, And Fisherfolks' Choices Of Adaptation Practices In Liguasan Marshlands
    ( 2022-05) Husain, Jonathan M.
    The fisherfolks are highly vulnerable because of the sensitivity of fisheries and aquaric resources to climate change and variability. Fishing is a cimate-sensitive livelihood and wetlands as source are also at risk. The study assessed the knowledge of climate change, vulnerability and adaptive capacities of the fisherfolks dependent on Liguasan Marsh. This study aimed to contribute to the growing database on climate change adaptation of vulnerable sectors in the Philippines. This study was conducted in Barangay Cuyapon, Kabacan, Cotabato, a coastal community in Liguasan Marsh. This study used a descriptive quantitative qualitative method using a Household Vulnerability Survey Tool and focus group discussion using participatory tools. The data were analysed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that (1) the knowledge of climate change is poor; (2) there are adaptation strategies in placed at the barangay level including structures and system, policies and plans, skills training and equipment. However, (3) the adaptive capacities at the household level are insufficient. In conclusion, the vulnerability of the fisherfolks of Barangay Cuyapon to climate changes is high because their exposure and sensitivity to climate hazards and impacts are high and their current socio-economic conditions are poor. It is recommended to strengthen awarenes regarding climate climate change, to intensify livelihood diversification, and to enhance access to community adaptive strategies.
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    R-1 Cavitex Coastal Road Project and Its Impact on the Subsistence of Municipal Fisherfolks in Barangay Pulang Lupa Uno Las Piñas City
    ( 2015-06-24) Aningat, Luis C.
    Fishing is a means of livelihood common to coastal communities. Las Piñas City is one of these communities. Las Piñas has four barangays where municipal fishing continues to thrive despite aggressive developments in the area. Coastal projects particularly those requiring reclamation would have direct and indirect impacts especially on marginalized members such as the fisherfolks.  Of particular interest and focus of this study is barangay Pulang Lupa Uno which has the biggest number of registered fisherfolks and closest to the recent development in the area that necessitated coastal reclamation. This research determined how recent developments specifically the R-1 Cavitex Coastal Road Project affected the livelihood of municipal fisherfolks of barangay Pulang Lupa Uno particularly those involved in Tahongan (mussel farms), Saprahan and Bentol (fish and shrimp traps) and Kapa (manual capture or harvest of fish and other marine resources typically using hands and or improvised hand tools). A review of primary and secondary data was done. In addition, surveys and interviews with the affected fishing communities and representatives of concerned government agencies were made. A focused group discussion was also done involving the heads of the respective barangay fishing communities to delve deeply on the issues and concerns. The preceding was done bearing in mind the socio-economic, environmental as well as policy and institutional support and resources that should be put in place. Results showed that while its boundary is situated in an adjacent barangay, the R1-Cavitex project directly and indirectly affected various forms of livelihood particularly those engaged in Kapa, Paglalambat, Bentol and related activities. These fisherfolks are the most vulnerable among the fishing communities as they literally would have to comb the shallow coastal areas for marine resources often times using bare hands and improvised hand tools just to get by. The impact stems mainly from the permanent change of seascape due to reclamation. The study highlighted the gaps ranging from the impact assessment and mitigation of project activities as embodied in the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System and lack of implementation of the provisions of the Philippine Fisheries Code (RA 8550). There is also an apparent lack of support framework specific to financing and meaningful and sustainable means of livelihood programs to supplement the limited income opportunities from fishing. Lastly it also established the need to revisit the priorities and programs of the local government unit who should be at the forefront particularly on projects that could have potential impacts on the marginalized members of the communities.
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    Role of the Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Formulation of Marine Conservation Policies: A Review
    ( 2015) Cambel-Pangilinan, Ronai Aldmee V.
    The Philippine total fishery production increased from 3.68 million metric tons in 1993 to 6.53 million metric tons in 2010 and declined to 6.14million metric tons in 2012. Per capita consumption from 1999 to 2000 was at 26.32 kilograms and declined to 14.25 kilograms in 2008 to 2009 before it increased again to 18.27 kilograms in 2012. Moreover, the Import-Dependency Ratio (IDR) indicated that most of the country’s consumption was still dependent on local production, while the computed Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) showed that the major economically important fish species of the country is self-sufficient. Amidst all these dependence on marine fishery resources, it has been recognized that it is overexploited, and overlapping activities or mandates of government agencies, and delayed implementation of Section 108 of the Philippine Fisheries Code appears to exacerbate the problem. This study investigated the role of the Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture (CFA), a private sector-led network, in the formulation of responsive resolutions and policies related to management and conservation of marine fishery resources. This study has shown that the CFA, though serving on a voluntary basis, has definitely contributed to the formulation of responsive policies to address emerging issues of the sector. This is reflected by the number of resolutions and policy recommendations they have passed, and their persistence in addressing the issues besetting the sector. The CFA helped the government in the creation of guidelines in the selection of fisherfolk settlement areas, fisherfolk, and creation of a task force for the implementation of Section 108 of the Fisheries Code of the Philippines. Moreover, the efforts exerted by the CFA to address the issue in the overexploitation of the fisheries resources led to the establishment of the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) of the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). Country position papers and policy briefs such as: Proposed International Instrument for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction (BBNJ), were also prepared and endorsed to the DA and other agencies. The country’s positions to international conventions were obtained through a series of consultative meetings with the private sectors. The positions were used as reference by the Philippine representatives to the international conventions. However, the CFA has weak coordination and collaboration with the other policy making body of the government, within and outside of the Department of Agriculture (DA). The collaboration of the CFA with the Agricultural and Fishery Councils (AFCs) and the Local Government Units (LGUs) at the local levels are also weak, thus delaying the exchange of information and actions that could have resulted to better formulation of policies. Within Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries (PCAF), there is a need to strengthen the linkage of the NSCs with the AFCs, as they are both private sector led-networks of DA which could expedite the exchange of information and lead to a more responsive resolutions and policies. Likewise, the coordination and collaboration of the CFA should continue to strengthen and maintain its on-going collaboration with the other government agencies thru conduct of inter-agency meetings and consultations for better policy formulation.
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    Socio-Economic Analysis of the Effects of the Philippine Fisheries Code on the Municipal Fishermen in Cabuyao, Laguna.
    ( 2006) Dela Cruz, Myra M.
    Continuous growth in population and increasing demand for fish and fish products have resulted in degraded fishery habitats and competing uses among stakeholders. Laguna de Bay, an important fishery resource in Region IV, is experiencing issues and problems brought about by illegal fishing and over-harvesting. This in return, affects the socio-economic well being of municipal fishermen and their families. Republic Act 8550, otherwise known, as the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998, is a national policy created to protect the right of its stakeholders for the correct and fair use of the country's fishery and aquatic resources and also to address current issues and problems related to the fishery sector. The Local Government Unit plays an important role to ensure that rightful privileges are given to municipal fishermen. This study aimed to : (1) review the Philippine Fisheries Code and its relevant policies on the socio-economic well being of municipal fishermen in the Municipality of Cabuyao, Laguna; (2) examine the socio-economic status of fishermen in Laguna de Bay, Municipality of Cabuyao, Laguna; and (3) assess current problems, issues and concerns confronted by fishermen in Laguna de Bay, Municipality of Cabuyao, Laguna. The research employed the case study approach to review the provisions in the Philippine Fisheries Code in relation to the socio-economic well being of Cabuyao, Laguna municipal fishermen. Focus group discussion, key informant interviews, survey, and on-site visits were employed to generate issues and concerns confronted by the fishermen, as well as their suggestions to remedy the issues. A review of the Philippine Fisheries Code showed that out of a total of 133 provisions, only 23 are related to the socio-economic well being of these fishermen. Although 18 provisions (78%) have already been implemented, the socio-economic condition of the fishermen has not improved.the local government of the Cabuyao municipality has implemented sections of the Philippine Fisheries Code relating to the jurisdiction of the municipality, grant of fishing privileges in municipal waters, registry of municipal waters, priority of residents municipal fishermen, demarcated areas for fishing activity granted to the fishermen organizations, limited entry into over-fished areas, and monitoring, control and surveillance. The provisions in the Philippine Fisheries Code, which were not implemented include: rights and privileges of fish workers; lease of fishponds; insurance for fishponds, fish cages and fish pens; municipal grant fund; and aquaculture investment fund. Based on the survey of fishermen in the Municipality of Cabuyao, Laguna, fishermen have been involved in fishing for more than half of their lives. The net annual income generated by municipal fishermen ranged from P16,632.00 – P70,224.00. The annual average net income of the fishermen is still below the annual per capita poverty threshold. Fishing is a livelihood, and is essential to a large part of the population in the municipality of Cabuyao, Laguna. Sustaining the benefits derived from fishery can only be achieved if environmental, socio-economic and legal/institutional issues are fully addressed. Environmental issues include land-based pollution as it affects the water quality of the lake. The socio-economic issues include conflicts in lake usage between residents and non-residents, usage of illegal and active fishing gears, low income and no adequate privileges for fisher folks. Legal/institutional issues include no independent fund intended for the Cabuyao Municipality Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (CMFARCM), delay in the implementation of solid waste management act and inadequate size of municipal protected area. The study recommends the full implementation of the related provisions of the Philippine Fisheries Code and to implement section 127 – Mandatory Review, to address the policy gaps and resolve issues concerning other related policies since management of the lake requires a collaborative effort between various agencies and fishermen organizations.
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    “SWAKI” (SEA URCHIN) FISHERIES IN PANGLAO, BOHOL.
    ( 2024) Zafra, Sheila Mae, O.
    Sea Urchin collection is one of the traditional practices of the coastal villagers in the Philippines. Aside from subsistence, the collection is an essential livelihood and source of income for the coastal communities. Tripneustes gratilla, locally known in Bohol as “Swaki,” is the most preferred sea urchin species collected due to its gonad or roe. The gathering of “Swaki” is rarely documented in the country despite its substantial contribution to the socio-economic well-being of the coastal communities. This study explores the “Swaki” (Sea Urchin) fisheries in Panglao, Bohol, focusing on demographic profiles, fishing practices, indigenous local knowledge, size structures, and associated environmental concerns. A total of 60 collectors were surveyed, mostly from Barangay Doljo. Women constitute the majority of the respondents, actively contributing to the fisheries. The majority of the collectors are mostly of middle-aged (31 to 50 years old) individuals and a significant income source for married individuals. Educational levels vary, with most are high school graduates. Experienced collectors dominated the study, emphasizing the long-standing nature of the fisheries. Daily collection is common, with preferred areas having high seagrass cover. Post-harvest practices of the collectors include processing catch onshore, while others are synchronous with the collection. “Swaki” roe or gonads are bottled and sold at varying prices, contributing to a daily income of 300-1,000 pesos. Indigenous practices influence harvesting. Meanwhile, environmental concerns arise from potential overharvesting and shell disposal, impacting water quality, ecosystem dynamics, and public safety. This study highlights the complex dynamics of the “Swaki” fisheries, emphasizing the need for sustainable management practices.
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    The effect of the Implementation of the Philippine Fisheries Code on the Socio-Economic Status of Municipal Fisher Folks of Bacoor, Cavite
    ( 2008) Obligado, Anthony B.
    Fishing is an important source of livelihood for Filipinos, fish being the second staple food next to rice. With the increasing population comes the increasing demand for the resource and this inevitability led to degraded fishery habitats and general decline in the condition of our coastal environment. These issues and problems affect the socio-economic well-being of municipal fishermen and their families. The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 was created to guarantee the fair use of our fishery and aquatic resources and to safeguard the rights of all stakeholders. This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the socio-economic conditions of municipal fisherfolk in light of the implementation of the Fisheries Code; (2) determine the status of implementation of the policies and provisions of the Fisheries Code that addresses the concerns of municipal fisherfolk; (3) determine the current issues and concerns and other matters identified by the fisherfolk of Bacoor that affect their welfare; and (4) provide recommendations in aid of the implementation of the Fisheries Code. The review of the Fisheries Code showed that the local government unit of Bacoor has implemented 14 provisions of the law since its enactment in 1998. During the same period, the local government unit did not implement the same number of provisions (14) and has reserved action on five (5) provisions for study and further considerations. Among the provisions implemented are those relating to: monitoring, control and surveillance, jurisdiction of the municipality, users of municipal waters, registry of municipal fisherfolk, fisherfolk organizations, priority of municipal waters, registry of municipal fisher folk, reversion of all abandoned fishponds, creation of FARMCs, unauthorized fishing activities and the use of active fishing gears. The provisions which were not implemented include those relating to: fees and other fishery charges , grant of fishing privileges of fisherworkers, incentives for municipal and small-scale commercial fisherfolk, license to operate fishpens, licensing of post-harvest facilities, municipal fisheries grant fund and aquaculture investment fund. The interview, survey and on-site visit component of the study provided the socio-economic profile of Bacoor fisherfolk as: (a) majority (56.15%) of the fisherfolk have motorized bancas with 3 to 16 horsepower engines; (b) majority (44.74%) of the fisherfolk are aged 41 to 50 years old, followed by those aged 41 to 50 (25.44%) and then, 31 to 40 years old (21.05%); (c) majority (47.74%) of the fisherfolk are aged 41 to 50 years old, followed by those aged 41 to 50 (25.44%) and then, 31 to 40 years old (21.05%); (c) majority (47.36%) have a family size of 7 to 8 family members; (d) majority (27.19%) catch fish for 8 hours, followed by those 17.54% for hours then 12.28% for 7 hours; (e) Fish catch were sold at an average price of Php 65.00 to Php 115.00 depending on the fish species; (f) majority of the fishers catch fish at an average of 5.0 kilograms (28.07%) then 4.0 kilograms (18.42%); (g) based on these results, it was estimated that the average income derived from fishing is Php 280.00 when prices of fishes are low, Php 350.00 when prices of the fishes are at midpoint and Php 420.00 when the prices are high. The study recommends the full implementation of all applicable provisions in the Fisheries Code for further development of the local fisheries sector of Bacoor. To address and resolve the current concerns, the following issue-based recommendations for the development of the local fisheries sector are suggested by the author: (a) enhanced support against illegal fishing activities; (b) further study on the reclamation issues; (c ) consultation to address the highly political environment; (d) development of the sector to improve poor production; and (e) provision of additional livelihood to the fisherfolk.
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    The Perception on the Effectivity and the Financial Effect of Saligang Pampangisdaan on the Fishers of Pagbilao Bay
    ( 2005) Guanlao, Jocelyn R.
    Although the fishery regulations at the local levels evolve along with the changes in the national policy, no studies have shown how all these policies directly affect the fishers, particularly in Pagbilao Bay. No consultations nor surveys have been conducted to determine if a policy was effectively implemented, followed or at least understood. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effectiveness of a policy from the perspective of the constituents, in this case the fishers. This study aimed to evaluate the effectivity and the financial effect of the Saligang Pampangisdaan on the local fishers in Pagbilao Bay. Specifically, it described the profile of the Pagbilao Bay fishers; and assess the perception on the effectivity and the financial profitability of the policy on the local fishers. Measures for continual improvement to the policy were also suggested. The study employed several methods to attain its objectives, such as the use of secondary data on the inventory of fishers, fish landing, and fisheries resource quality. Primary data were gathered through interview of fishers on their perception of the Saligang Pampangisdaan and its financial aspect. Methods of analysis such as Likert Scaling of response rates and Powell weighted average were likewise used to obtain the degree of concurrence or non-concurrence to the policy; the estimation of catch per unit effort and the maximum sustainable yield to validate fishers' viewpoint on productivity and the financial analysis to determine the impact of the Saligang Pampangisdaan on fisher's income. In general, fisher's awareness and perception varied. Half of the respondent fishers said that was effective as a policy. However, a number of fishers perceived that the policy was insufficiently implemented as indicated by the catch per unit effort and the quality of catch. Despite the presence of Saligang Pampangisdaan, the catch per unit effort continues to increase even though the volume of catch also increases, which is an indication of overexploitation. The knowledge on MSY can help prevent the perceived over-harvesting. The effect of Saligang Pampangisdaan on the financial profitability of the municipal fisher for a period of twenty years and at an interest rate of 20% was very high. Even when subjected to change in catch and inclusion of the fishers' labor, the incremental net benefit would still break even. On the other hand, the effect of not fully implementing and complying with the Saligang Pampangisdaan is a benefit foregone by the fisher since there is no system that would mitigate undue harvesting that may lead to overexploitation of the resource. The inability to connect the policy to the welfare of the fishers or communicate to the level they easily appreciate made the Saligang Pampangisdaan a weak policy.