FMDS Student Papers

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Research outputs by graduate students of the Faculty of Management and Development Studies.

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Browsing FMDS Student Papers by Subject "Research Subject Categories::FORESTRY, AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES and LANDSCAPE PLANNING::Landscape planning::Nature conservation and landscape management"
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    Analysis of problems Affecting the Biñan River System in Laguna
    ( 2006) Castillo, Judith F.
    The study aimed to evaluate problems prevailing in the Biñan Micro-watershed's further degradation. Review and assessment of available documents combined with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were undertaken in order to identify issues and problems. Planning tools such as Problem Tree, Solution Tree and Strategy Analysis were all used to analyze the problems and formulate possible strategies. Results revealed that the deteriorating quality of water in the Biñan Micro-watershed. Siltation/sedimentation, pollution and rapid increase in population were all regarded as the major contributing factors to the deteriorating quality of the river. Three (3) strategies which include integrated waste management, soil and water conservation strategy and advocacy were identified to help arrest the deteriorating quality of Biñan River system.
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    Assessment of Soil Degradation in Sitio Marulay, Lunga, Valencia, Negros Oriental, Philippines
    ( 2009) Urbino, Guima A.
    This study determined the extent of soil degradation in Sitio Marulay, Valencia, Negros Oriental. Biophysical and socio-economic factors were assessed consisting of topography, climate, soil, vegetation, population, migration, livelihood, income and farming practices. Factors that have significant impact on the soil quality were identified to determine the extent and severity of soil degradation brought about by its present land-use using a set of criteria described as low, moderate, severe and highly severe. Sitio Marulay is an upland area with a slope of 30-50% . From 2003 to 2007, the monthly average rainfall was 104 mm while the annual average rainfall was 1,216 mm. During the months of June to December, rainfall was higher ranging from 103-189 mm with subsequent water runoff. The clay-textured soil in Sitio Marulay can be considered as moderately erodible with acidic soil pH on steeper slope. This indicates that erosion is taking place. There was minimal vegetation on gently sloping land situated at higher elevation since the area has been cleared for farming. In contrast, clusters of mahogany trees were found along steep slopes that were established to mitigate soil erosion and landslides. However, some steep areas were severely eroded due to lack of vegetation. A total of four (4) families residing in the area as well as other land speculators primarily used Sitio Marulay for agriculture. The farmers rarely practiced soil and water conservation methods except planting trees on steep slopes to prevent soil erosion. The population in Sitio Marulay is expected to increase after barangay officials in Lunga have sttled the issue on land claims. Consequently, farming activities will also intensify to meet the demands for food as settlement increases. Considering all factors that contribute to soil degradation, such as amount of rainfall, type of soil, slope, vegetation, population, farming practices and land-use, the extent and severity of soil degradation in Sitio Marulay can be considered as moderate. As a guide to environmental resource managers of Sitio Marulay, vegetative and cultural methods of soil and water conservation such as contour hedgerows, multi-storey cropping, use of organic fertilizers, crop rotation and establishment of mini-storey on steep slopes are highly recommended. This is to improve soil quality and minimize soil degradation.
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    Biological Characteristics and Perceived Socio-Economic and Ecological Benefits of Mangrove Rehabilitation in Selected Areas in Manila Bay
    ( 2006) Rudas, Cira T.
    The research was conducted to assess the mangrove rehabilitation in the eastern part of Manila Bay. Specifically, the study aimed to attain the following objectives: (1) identify the mangrove rehabilitation initiatives in selected areas in Manila Bay; (2) assess the state of the mangroves in terms of size, height and density of trees and the diversity of associated species; (3) determine the general perceptions of stakeholders with regard to socio-economic impacts and ecological benefits of mangrove rehabilitation; and (4) identify factors contributing to the success or failure of mangrove rehabilitation. The mangrove rehabilitation efforts reviewed in this study are those undertaken along Manila Bay from 1989 to 2001 located in the Municipality of Navotas, Parañaque City, and Las Piñas City. The study used primary and secondary data. Information on the biological and physical aspects of the study sites were mostly derived from the literature, agency reports, including electronic articles posted in websites. Sampling of the mangrove trees was undertaken to measure the circumference and diameter of trunk, estimate the height, and compute for the tree density and other parameters. For the details of the projects and perceived socio-economic and ecological benefits, interviews were conducted with representatives of implementing agencies and members of communities in the vicinity of the mangrove sites. The results show that mangroves along Manila Bay are in different stages of growth. The mangrove areas in Navotas and Las Piñas can be considered within or nearing the status of mature mangrove forests. However, the site in Navotas shows some evidence of degradation due to natural and human factors such as frequent flooding, sand deposits, pests, and cutting of mangroves. Meanwhile, the site in Barangay Tambo, Parañaque City is still in its early development stage and the mangrove trees are relatively younger compared to those in the two other sites. All the three mangrove areas harbor different species of fish, crabs, shrimps, and shellfish as well as populations of local and migratory birds. Residents near the mangrove areas perceive that the mangroves contribute to their socio-economic welfare as sources of food and livelihood. Perceived ecological benefits include: shoreline protection, buffer against strong winds and waves, habitats and nursery grounds for fish and other species, and water pollution and flood control. The success of mangrove rehabilitation depends on the interplay of at least four factors: (1) the biophysical conditions such as wind, waves, floods, sand deposits, and pests; (2) accessibility of the mangrove site; (3) commitment and cooperation of the local communities and various sectors; and (4) political will as manifested by policies, regulations and their enforcement. Two important issues identified are increasing pollution from domestic and industrial sources, and the threat of further conversion of the mangrove areas in Parañaque and Las Piñas into industrial and commercial sites. The study recommends the following: immediate rehabilitation of the denuded coastline specifically in Navotas; comprehensive socio-economic program to include capability building, livelihood, health and educational services for the communities near the mangrove sites; enactment of legislative measures to declare the sites as protected area; strengthening of multi-sectoral cooperation and participation in the mangrove rehabilitation areas; effective waste management program to control pollution of Manila bay; and strengthening of monitoring and law enforcement concerning mangrove.
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    Biophysical Characterization of Degradation in Mt. Makulot, Cuenca, Batangas
    ( 2006) Markussen, Aimee Julianne A.
    The study provided a limited biophysical characterization of the degradation in Mt. Makulot, Cuenca, Batangas which can be used as a baseline data for future researchers, planners and natural resource managers in management intervention and rehabilitation plans. The general objective was to characterize the evidences of degradation of Mt. Makulot and to relate these with physical and biological conditions in the area, present land use, human activities and socio-economic conditions. Anthropogenic factors that may have contributed to the site degradation (number of mountain hikers and present land use by local residents) were determined via registration logbooks, informal interviews and previously published research materials. Degraded areas (erosion, compaction, gullies, pedestals and trees with exposed roots) were identified via photographs. Erosion extent was quantified for observed degraded sites by numerical measurements of length of exposed tree roots, length of pedestals, depth and width of gullies and soil profile. The biological component of the mountain was determined by performing terrestrial vegetation analysis using the point centered quarter method (forest ecosystem) and the point sampling technique (for grassland ecosystem). Existing data like climate, rainfall, slope, topography were gathered from various institutions that have conducted research in the area. Mt. Makulot with its biophysical characteristics of sloping terrain, high elevation and loam soil type is prone to degradation due to anthropogenic and climatic factors. The climate type of the area which shows heavy rainfall and high temperature make the area for recreation and agroforestry is taking its toll. The recreational use has attracted a huge number of hikers. This number of hikers, frequency and annual distribution has caused trampling of soils in wet condition resulting to compaction, erosion and loss of vegetative ground cover. Physical degradation signs which are mostly caused by erosion are evident in the form of gullies, exposed tree roots, pedestals and landslides. The degradation status of the mountain has led to less number of visitors over the years due to decline of the scenic value. The numerical values for eroded sites show that most of the A horizon is 100% eroded. Most of the B horizon is 12% to 98% eroded. Both the A and B horizon contains the tree roots and its erosion renders these roots exposed. Presence of gullies shows a massive severity of erosion extent of the mountain. Vegetation analysis showed that in the forest ecosystem, the species diversity is only 22.5% which is one indication of low plant diversity. The dominant tree species was coconut (Cocos nucifera Linnaeus) based on the highest important value. The coconut tolerates a wide range of climatic conditions and both strongly alkaline and acidic soils. The mountain was used as an agricultural area and is now a secondary forest dominated by fruit trees. The change from primary forest to secondary forest decreased the tree vegetation diversity. This reduction in diversity is one indication that the site is degraded. In the grassland ecosystem, the plant diversity is only 3%. This low diversity is an indication of degradation of the grassland area. Analysis showed that the dominant species is talahib (Saccharum spontaneum) with the highest recorded values for summed dominance ratio. Talahib loves moist and fertile soils. Cogon (Imperata cylindrica) showed the highest recorded value from summed dominance ratio. Cogon thrives in acidic soils. This indicated that the soil in the grassland area are becoming acidic due to leaching during heavy rainfall. The presence of grasslands and increasing acidity of the soil indicate land degradation. However, the grasslands in the study area are kept that way so as not to obstruct the scenic views.
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    Characterization of the Roosting Sites of the Golden Crowned Flying Fox (Acerodan jubatus), and Giant Philippine Fruit Bats (Pteropus vampyrus) and their Effects on Dipterocarp Forests
    ( 2004) Breganza, Edwin O.
    This study dealt with the characterization of the roosting sites of the Golden Crowned Flying Fox (Acerodan jubatus) and Giant Philippine Fruit Bats (Pteropus vampyrus) and their Effects on Dipterocarp Forests. In determining the causes of morality in White Lauan (Shorea contorta) at the bat roost area, physical observation and soil physico-chemical analysis were done. Likewise, the physico-chemical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference on the soil nutrient in both roosting and control plants. Hence, this finding confirms that bat droppings may not be the cause of death of the White lauan trees. Vegetation structure in the bat roost area is significantly different from that in control plots or non-roost areas. Such findings accounted for the limited number, size and maturity of plant species found in the roost area. On the other hand, the roost area can be considered as disturbed forest with the presence of the young regenerants and gaps formed by dead trees which drive the bats to move to the inner part of the forest. Overhanging of the bats on the branches and twigs that results in bio defoliation of trees is a suspected contributor factor in the mortality of the White lauan.
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    Community Perceptions and Attitudes toward Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): A Case Study at Macaas, Tubigon, Bohol
    ( 2015) Notarte-Bermas, Naomi
    The increasing number of fishers and fishing fleets, coupled with degradation of marine habitat, resulted to low productivity of the marine fish stocks and a great loss in fishery production. The establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) has become a popular conservation initiative in addressing the problem on the declining state of fishery and other marine resources. Not all established MPAs were successful. There were also reported cases of failure MPAs. The perceptions and attitudes of the local community are two of the most important factors that have a great influence on MPA effectiveness and failing to understand these factors may weaken its chance to succeed. The study was conducted in Macaas, Tubigon, Bohol in order to understand the community perceptions and attitudes toward their marine sanctuary. Age, educational attainment, monthly income, source of income and awareness were also taken as influential factors of the people’s perceptions and attitudes toward MPAs. The results of the study appeared that people’s perception and attitudes vary depending on their age, education and income. Middle-aged and old-aged participants have high positive perceptions and attitudes toward MPA. Participants with masters and college degrees regarded MPAs more positively compared to those who have lower educational attainment. High income earners viewed MPA more positively than participants with lower income. The results showed that majority of the participants were aware on the establishment of their marine sanctuary, the benefits of MPAs, the implemented rules and regulations, effects of the condition of mangroves, seagrass beds and corals on your marine sanctuary and the programs and projects extended by the government for the preservation and conservation of marine resources. The high level of awareness had contributed to a positive perception and attitude toward MPAs. There is significant correlation between the participant’s perception and attitude and the sustainability of their marine protected area.
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    Conservation of Pinulot-Caulaman River Watershed using GIS and RUSLE-based Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in Central Luzon, Philippines
    ( 2025-03-07) Salac, Carlo P.
    Soil erosion is a serious environmental issue which can drastically impact watersheds like the case of Pinulot-Caulaman River Watershed (PCRW) in Central Luzon, Philippines. PCRW is a critical watershed for agricultural and domestic purposes covering Zambales Range and Mt. Natib to the west and lowland areas to the east. This study investigated the biophysical and socioeconomic conditions of PCRW to estimate the overall soil erosion risk and recommend conservation strategies appropriate for the watershed. The methodology involved data mining online and processing of secondary information through Geographic Information System (GIS). This was followed by applying Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model to compute soil erosion and delineate risk zonation by analyzing the temporal and spatial changes in the watershed on three selected periods, i.e., 2014, 2017, and 2024. The PCRW is characteristically fragmented showing declining forest cover across complex topography with young and clay-rich soil types that received abundant rainfall, however, there were minimal conservation practices employed. Based on RUSLE, soil erosion with more than 300 tons ha-1 annually was considered very severe, particularly in steep and sparsely vegetated western areas of the watershed. In 2014, these severely eroded areas covered 20% of PCRW which increased to 28% with 11,696 hectares erosion coverage a decade after. Considering the status of the watershed, these critically erodible areas should be prioritized for restoration through the enhanced National Greening Program (NGP). Furthermore, moderate to very high erosion risk categories require conservation measures while intact forested slopes should be delineated as protected zones that will altogether form part of the watershed management plan. This study highlighted the applicability of GIS techniques and RUSLE model in providing data-driven and evidence-based decision-making tools for soil conservation. Furthermore, erosion results can be verified through ground validation to enhance the accuracy of the model in assessing the PCRW, together with future watershed assessment of erosion in other parts of the country.
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    Conservation Status of the Plant Species in the Forest of Roosevelt Protected Landscape in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines
    ( 2014) Mendoza, Liezl A.
    The study identifies the plant species found within selected plots in the remnant old growth area in Roosevelt Protected Landscape in Dinalupihan, Bataan and the conservation status using a modified instrument based on DAO 2007-1 and IUCN Red List. This study is the first since the proclamation of RPLS as a protected area in year 2000. Field study and secondary data were used in assessing the conservation status of the identified plant species. Lack of budget, manpower and influx of human settlers occupying a portion of the protected area serves as a pressing problem to the 24 threatened plant species in RPLS. The list does not account the rest of the plant species which are not yet assessed in the protected area. Thus, there is a need to update the available list of plant species conservation status.
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    Cost-Benefit Analysis of National Greening Program of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in the Province of Guimaras
    ( 2015) Parreño, Paul Erwen T.
    A Forest is a rich source of food, clothing, shelter, and medicines. But from 1990 to 2015, 129 million hectares, the size of South Africa, of the world’s forests were lost. Reforestation programs address this problem. In the Philippines, one of the reforestation efforts conducted by the government through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the National Greening Program (NGP). This program, which started in 2011, aims to plant 1.5 billion seedlings in 1.5 million hectares in 6 years. It is therefore important to analyze whether the direct benefits from the program exceeds its cost. Note that indirect benefits were not accounted for in this study. The study area was in Guimaras Island, Western Visayas, which had the lowest percentage of forest cover in the region. The result of the study showed that the direct benefits that can be derived from NGP are fuel, fruits, construction materials, timber, and medicines. The benefits can be reaped starting on its fifth year such as fuelwood, fruits, and medicines while the timber and construction materials can be derived on its 10th year. A total of PhP 323,570 per hectare is the value of its benefits. On the other hand, the activities that incurred cost during the implementation of NGP, along with seedling production, are site validation, assessment and planning, social mobilization, and maintenance and protection. This amounted to PhP 19,390.60 per hectare. During the first four years of the implementation, the program has negative net benefits. The reason is that the start of the reaping of benefits is on its fifth year. Overall, the Net Present Value in the 10-year horizon is positive. This implies that direct benefits alone outweigh the cost of the program. Moreover, the result of the benefit-cost ratio in the implementation of the National Greening Program in the province is Guimaras is 3.1. Since the ratio is greater than 1, the program is acceptable. Therefore, reforestation such as NGP should be continued until such time that denuded areas will be reforested.
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    Determination of Stakeholders' Perspectives on Manila Bay Coastal Resource Management (MB-CRM) for Selected Areas of Navotas and Malabon City, Metro Manila
    ( 2008) Cosico, Maria Finesa A.
    The study attempted to answer the following objectives: (1) What is the status of the coastal resource utilization for Manila Bay and the Coastal Resource Management (CRM) implemented in some coastal communities of Navotas and Malabon, Metro Manila? (2) Are the relevant laws and policies pertaining to the management of coastal resources helpful to alleviate their conditions? and (3) What would be an appropriate CRM framework for the coastal communities? Dynamite fishing, coastal pollution, extortion and indiscriminate arrest by some coastal officers of the local fisherfolks, illegal entry of commercial vessels to the municipal coastal shores and non-implementation of Solid Waste Management (SWM) were cited as the central concerns of some of the immediate stakeholders of the municipal coastal waters of Navotas and Malabon City. The immediate stakeholders represent the fishery sector that covers the coastal fisheries, offshore fisheries and support industries from the two coastal municipalities. These included: owner of the motorized boat used for open fishing; owners/operators of fish cages (propitario); owner/operator of mussel farm (tahongan); hired fishermen as workers on fish cages; hired fishermen as workers in mussel farm; fish mender (naghahayuma); fisherfolks involved in open fishing and local fish vendors. Other stakeholders included hired workers in the fishport (batilyo/borador); hired carpenters in the fishyard (baradero) and workers in fish cannery from the support industries. The local government of the two municipalities and the national government agencies involved in the implementation of MB-CRM shared almost the same perspectives with the immediate stakeholders on the current situation of the coastal resources of Manila Bay. They identified dynamite fishing and water pollution as significant problems of the coastal waters of Manila Bay. The Fisheries Code and the Local Government Code failed to address the complexities of the multiple conflicts in the utilization of coastal resources for both municipalities. However, the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy remained less reactive to the current situational conflicts of the Bay due to the absence of specific management strategies to address the prevailing problems that affect the coastal resources and their beneficiaries from the fishery sector. Hence, the proposed CRM framework must be institutionalized through appropriate and sustainable operations of the coastal strategy that should be geared towards the adoption of an operational mechanism that recognizes the essential issues on the coastal resource conflicts. The implementation of the coastal strategy must prioritize the following activities that would be appropriate in the current situation of the coastal resource conflicts of the Bay to provide immediate resolution to such problems. These include defining the roles of all stakeholders, pursuing environmental risk assessment, rehabilitation and protection of coastal resources, intensification of the implementation of the policy on territorial use rights in fisheries, enforcement of laws, provision of financial and technical support to the local fisherfolks, monitoring the implementation of coastal strategy and development of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities.
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    Development and Validation of a Research-based Community-centered Sustainability Program for Philippine Senior High School Students
    ( 2017) Crisologo, Dawn T.
    Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a process that helps citizens build personal capacity that empowers them to analyze issues, make decisions, and act in ways that promote the well-being of communities and the environment both now and in the future. Science and technology education plays a critical role in ESD. The basic science curriculum of the Department of Education seeks to produce scientifically-literate graduates who can make sound decisions that contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Despite international, regional, and national efforts, low levels of literacy on sustainability on the part of educators and learners, insufficient space in the curriculum for topics related to sustainable development, and lack of appropriate and relevant materials have been identified as barriers to success. The establishment of the Senior High School program in 2016 provided new opportunities for achieving these goals through experiences like research, immersion, and entrepreneurship. This developmental study aimed to use these elements present in the SHS curriculum to develop a research-based community-centered sustainability program for senior high school (SHS) learners at the Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS). A mixed methods approach was utilized to collect information from administrators, faculty, staff, and students of the PSHSS through document analysis, stakeholder surveys and key informant interviews, and focus-group discussions, in order to design a customizable program for the different campuses in the PSHSS. Four models (subject-based, extracurricular activity-based, curriculum integration, and school-based) that develop sustainability competence through a research-based community-centered approach were developed based on literature reviews, effective local practices, and needs identified by the community. Stakeholder feedback was solicited on the program’s relevance, feasibility, and ease of adoption. Recommendations were incorporated into the final output: a collection of examples and resources needed for customization and implementation of the models. Insights from the process as well as recommendations for implementation in other contexts are discussed.
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    Development of an Integrative Policy Framework for the Mt. Isarog National Park
    ( 2005) Cabaces, Boy Randee C.
    Policies and programs on protected areas that are supposed to guide local and site-based conservation and management efforts are often formulated by outside experts. For this reason, conflicts during implementation are usually encountered. Hence, the need to harmonize such policies and programs to ensure their effective implementation. The study aimed to attain the following objectives: (1) to review the policies, programs, plans and projects impacting the protection management of the Mt. Isarog National Park (MINP) in Camarines Sur, Philippines; (2) to identify possible areas of complementation among these policies, programs, plans and projects; (3) to identify areas of conflict and other key issues among these policies, programs, plans and projects that could hinder or constrain management activities in the park; and, (4) to develop a policy framework for integrating the various policies, programs, plans and projects bearing on the management of the MNP to ensure effective management and active involvement of stakeholders. The study involved a review of a number of policies and programs deemed to impact on management and protection efforts in the MNP. These included the MNP General Management Plan (200-2004), National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992, Indigenous People's Right Act of 19997, Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997, and Bicol Regional Development Framework (2001-2004). The subsequent analysis of policy focused on identifying key issues both in the content as well as in the process of implementing these policies and programs. Such issues were validated through key informant interview with stakeholders and protected area experts. Additional issues and inputs were likewise solicited from the selected respondents. Based on corresponding specific recommendations, an integrative policy framework was developed. Results of the study revealed policy conflicts with regard to development thrusts and protected area management frameworks. Due to these conflicts, management activities and planning processes were disjointed and uncoordinated. The study also validated findings of previous researches showing the limitations of decentralized protected area management framework provided in the NIPAS law. Implementation of current policy framework demonstrated dominance of national government agencies and planners in local protected area management bodies and processes. In the case of the MINP, the above structure hindered the development of a more participatory and site-based approach to protected area management. Thus, the study recommends an integrative policy framework that will harmonize current thrusts and perspectives on development and protected area management. Consequently, management plans and processes a the local and regional levels will be integrated. The end-goal is a co-management strategy that calls for a more decentralized decision-making and planning system within the MINP. Such system would allow local government units and empowered sectors to take greater and more substantial roles in protected area management.
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    Empowering the Stakeholders for Effective Protected Area Management: The Bulusan Volcano Natural Park Experience
    ( 2004) Boy-Navarro, Dorothea C.
    The study characterized the processes and experiences in promoting and enhancing stakeholder's participation in the management of the Bulusan Volcano Natural Park located in the Province of Sorsogon. Specifically, the study described the current status of the BVNP vis-a-vis the NIPAS Act, assessed PAMB performance, characterized the role and extent and form of participation of local stakeholders in BVNP management, identified the current capacity and constraints of the PAMB members and the requirements for developing an enabling environment and capacities to render the BVNP management a community-led system for ensuring genuine, committed and active involvement of people. A primarily descriptive-evaluative method was used involving PAMB members and DENR staff deployed in protected area work as main respondents. It was established that the PAMB is the venue through which issues and concerns of different sectors are raised, discussed and resolved, thus, ensuring stakeholder's participation. Nevertheless, it is not the only one nor the best structure, primarily because, the extent and form of participation in the PAMB is dependent on the “level of control” of the DENR and the DENR's and the PAMB member's definition and appreciation of the principle of participation. The PAMB can be facilitative of participation only to the extent that its members, the DENR, including, would want it to be participative. This implies the institution of other structures and mechanisms within the system that would allow for involvement of people in its decision-making and concrete protected area initiatives beyond the confines of PAMB's formal structure. These enabling conditions include the (1) provision of the required information and appreciation for the need for participation, (2) capability building inputs to create at the minimum, awareness of environmental issues and at the maximum, knowledge and capacities or skills to act upon environment issues and the (3) creation of structures through which people can articulate problems, needs and demands and eventually, take initiatives in forest protection, resource management and be benefited in the process. The third underlies the importance of an organized group, particularly PO or NGO, as a more effective mechanism for participation, a sort of parallel structure working closely with the PAMB, but can work autonomously. Ensuring stakeholder's participation also requires a review and the necessary changes at the policy level. The NIPAS, though mandating participation, maintained the prerogatives of power and the resources of decision-making in the DENR, leaving the PAMB and PASu with limited powers and resources to be equal and capable partners in environmental planning and protected area management. Moreover, the participation clause in the NIPAS and its IRR equates participation to merely “consulting or being consultative” without clear prescriptions, leaving the definition of participation open to wide interpretation. There is also lack of clear prescription and therefore, no proactive program on public awareness raising and capability building (including protected area staff) which are the pillars of community organization and participation.
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    Estimation of Recreational Value of Canibad Beach, Barangay Aundanao, Island garden City of Samal, Davao Del Norte.
    ( 2008) Cajes, Shirley Ann P.
    This study focused on the valuation of recreational benefits and how this information can be used to improve planning for sustainable marine management of Barangay Aundanao, Island Garden City of Samal. The siye analyzed, Canibad Beach, is rich in reef resources and is envisioned as an eco-tourism destination by government planners. Canibad Beach can generate large economic values through recreation. This study utilized the contingent valuation method to estimate consumers' willingness to pay for the maintenance of the environmental amenities of the beach. This study used the valuation method (CVM) with face-to-face interviews. The willingness to pay (WTP) to access the beach by the visitors was elicited. Visitors were asked whether or not they would visit the marine park if an entry fee was charged and what their WTP would be in terms of an entry fee. This estimate provides an important indication as to the value of recreational benefits from Canibad Beach. This study recommends PhP27 as the basic entrance fee per person per visit to Canibad Beach. This user charge would help raise additional revenue for the conservation and management of the beach. The Pearson correlation revealed that the higher the income, the higher the amount a visitor is willing to pay. The equation model derived from the simple linear regression can be used to predict the amount in which a visitor to Canibad Beach is willing to pay based on his monthly income.
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    Exploring the Use of RS and GIS Technologies for the Future Development of Heritage Information System in Banaue Rice Terraces
    ( 2017) Sontillanosa, Rosalyn D.
    The beauty of the Banaue Rice Terraces continues to be threatened. Challenges to protect and conserve the Rice Terraces continue to persist in Banaue being a living cultural landscape. Lack of baseline information like maps in particular make it difficult for site managers to understand the amount of work to be done to ensure the sustainability of the conservation program on the terraces. The use of earth science tools like Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are becoming popular in the management of cultural heritage sites. However, the technologies of Remote Sensing and GIS are quite expensive. In addition, some geospatial data are not readily available. Financial constraints/lack of knowledge are some of the reasons why the LGU cannot invest on these technologies. This paper used the available geospatial data like the Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR (IFSAR) and the Land Use Map of Prof. Harold Conklin that was generated in the 1970s and assessed its usefulness to the Heritage Information System (HIS). Different geospatial datasets were generated from IFSAR Digital Elevation Model like the high-resolution contours, Slope, TIN, and Hillshade. All processing were done using Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software, a free and open-source GIS software that is gaining popularity nowadays among GIS users. The availability of different free and open-source GIS softwares could help poor municipalities like Banaue manage the information and data to protect and conserve the famous Banaue Rice Terraces (BRT). These data will help site managers understand the spatial relationship of different land use activities on the area and how it would affect the BRT.
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    Grassland Vegetation Assessment In Forage Farms In Masbate Province, Philippines
    ( 2021-05) Barruga, Bever M.
    BARRUGA, BEVER MANARAS.Master of Environment and Natural Resources Management.Faculty of Management and Development Studies. University of the Philippines Open University. July 2021. Grassland Vegetation Assessment in Forage Farms in Masbate Province, Philippines Special Problem Adviser: Dr. Ramiro F. Plopino Grassland vegetation assessment is valuable for monitoring and inventory of pastures. This study gathered baseline data on the prevailing grassland condition and its underlying factors byidentifying vegetation attributes and how these impact the feed resources condition, in terms of species composition, cover, frequency value, height, and dominance ratio, and examine how it relates to pasture management and practices. Pointsampling technique using point frame method, vegetation analysis through descriptive statistics, and Key Informant Interviews were employed to gather data and qualitative information. It was observed that the species composition was diverse in each area. In terms of percent relative cover, Paddock 16, Stylosanthes guianensis obtained 75.80%; Paddock 8, Brachiaria humidicola, 59.26%; and Paddock 12 (P12), Brachiaria humidicola, 31.36%.For paddock 16 (P16) and 8 (P8), the relative frequency is highest for Stylosanthes guianensisand Brachiaria humidicola, 50% and 39% respectively, while in paddock 12 (P12), the highest relative frequency were Arachis pintoi and Bracharia decumbens, 17.65%.The highest relative height recorded in paddock 8 (P8) was Themeda triandra, Imperata cylindrica, and Mimosa pudicahaving 22.70%, 32.42% and 14.40%, respectively. Paddock 12 (P12) appeared to have lowest relative height value of 46.49% compared to paddock 8 (P8) and 16 (P16) with 169.03% and 185.59%, respectively. Overall, Brachiaria humidicolain Paddock 8 (P8) and 12 (P12) and Stylosanthes guianensis in Paddock 16 (P16) had the highest dominance ratio. Pastoral management of ranchers adopts rotational grazing management. However, rotation of animals was done at its lowest grazing capacity which resulted to overgrazing. Environmental policies in the barangay such as garbage disposal, impoundment of stray animals must be strictly observed to avoid additional grazing impact and pasture degradation. It is also recommended that improved pastures such as stylo and humidicola shall be homogenous to increase herbage yield available to animals to control possible growth of unpalatable invasive species.
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    Integration of Rights Based Approach Perspective in Coastal Resource Management
    ( 2006) Bibal, Bughaw Cielo Mossesgeld
    To date, the coastal zone is beset with problems of resource degradation and extreme poverty, especially among the small-scale fisher folk. Development initiatives in coastal resource management (CRM) have continuously evolved to achieve the most effective form of coastal governance. Various approaches and strategies have been applied., the more successful of which include community-based coastal resource management, coastal zone management, integrated coastal management and co-management. And with the increasing donor's interest in CRM, quite a number of multi-million dollar programs and projects were implemented. As a result, some coastal communities have achieved empowerment, economic and environmental improvements. Despite all these efforts, a gap remains in terms in achieving sustained human development, where all human rights are explicitly addressed and considered as equally important. The study proposed an approach to CRM to address this gap. The study initially assessed the existing conditions of coastal areas and the circumstances that led to such conditions. Government initiatives and how the governments' approach had evolved for increased effectiveness in the management of resources were also reviewed. After assessing the problems besetting the coastal resources, the historical evolution of CRM and the policy and regulatory framework, the study proceeded on to review selected CRM approaches. The concept of the right-based approach (RBA) to development was discussed as well as its policy framework and the contents and claims of each human right. The enhancements and value-added of RBA in development initiatives was emphasized as a means to fill the gap identified in CRM. These, together with the experiences and learning obtained from the implementation of CRM programs and projects, have contributed to the development of a framework for an enhanced approach to CRM. The enhanced CRM approach integrates the concept of RBA and the elements of co-management, community-based management, coastal zone management and integrated coastal management. The study determined areas of coastal resource management where the rights-based approach perspective can be applied and/or integrated. The focus of the study was directed towards the process of objective setting, identification of concepts and principles adhered to, and the elements and processes of implementation of both RBA and CRM. The methods by which the RBA perspective can be integrated in CRM were presented. Recommendations were made for relevant government institutions, non-government organizations and other sectors to ensure that certain assumptions and conditions for RBA to be effective are in place. These are important conditions to obtain the desired results during field-testing.
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    Participation in Environmental Management Programs of Individuals Affected by Extreme Weather Events
    ( 2015) Borromeo, Rene B.
    After the onslaught of an extreme weather event, it is usually followed by increased calls for environmental management, attributing the occurrence of the extreme weather event to environmental degradation brought about by destructive human activities. This study seeks to find out if such concerns for the environment actually translate to increased awareness and actual participation in environmental management programs and activities. Using a purposive sampling method, research participants who were affected by the floods of Typhoon Ondoy and 2012 Habagat were asked to self-administer a questionnaire evaluating their awareness and participation in environmental management activities before and after they experienced the floods. The study indicates that experiencing a traumatic impact of an extreme weather event such as floods tend to have positive impacts among survivors of increased levels of awareness and participation in environmental management programs and activities.
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    Protecting the Dark Places: An Analysis of Cave Assessment for Cave Management in the Philippines
    ( 2021-01-22) Conlu, Maria Tanya N.
    Caves are hidden and fragile ecosystems that have scientific, cultural and recreational values. The Philippines has 3,193 recorded caves which must undergo assessment, classification and management planning before they can be open to the public, but often this legal process is overtaken by the demands of tourism. This results in irreversible destruction of cave formations and loss of wildlife. This study aims to contribute to cave conservation by looking at the adequacy and gaps of the cave assessment tool and the classification process in so far as they inform management decisions on cave protection measures. Content analysis was done on relevant policies to compare the classification system with other countries to find good practices which may be adapted. Cave assessment reports and management plans of three selected caves with different classifications, namely, Bayukbok I in Bulacan, Bagumbungan in Marinduque, and Hundred in Palawan were also analyzed. Staff of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR-BMB), which has jurisdiction over caves, were interviewd, as wel as cave assessors, managers and other stakeholders from the selected sites. The research found that even if guidelines are followed, the effectiveness of the assessment form is only as good as the expertise and perseverance of the team, particularly in putting in precise details. It is recommended that guidelines are added to qualify significant values and hazards and to have a simple chart to guide classification and lessen subjectivity. It is important that cave assessment remains simple, yet these standards can be added to enhance its effectiveness as a management tool for cave protection and tourist safety.
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    “SWAKI” (SEA URCHIN) FISHERIES IN PANGLAO, BOHOL.
    ( 2024) Zafra, Sheila Mae, O.
    Sea Urchin collection is one of the traditional practices of the coastal villagers in the Philippines. Aside from subsistence, the collection is an essential livelihood and source of income for the coastal communities. Tripneustes gratilla, locally known in Bohol as “Swaki,” is the most preferred sea urchin species collected due to its gonad or roe. The gathering of “Swaki” is rarely documented in the country despite its substantial contribution to the socio-economic well-being of the coastal communities. This study explores the “Swaki” (Sea Urchin) fisheries in Panglao, Bohol, focusing on demographic profiles, fishing practices, indigenous local knowledge, size structures, and associated environmental concerns. A total of 60 collectors were surveyed, mostly from Barangay Doljo. Women constitute the majority of the respondents, actively contributing to the fisheries. The majority of the collectors are mostly of middle-aged (31 to 50 years old) individuals and a significant income source for married individuals. Educational levels vary, with most are high school graduates. Experienced collectors dominated the study, emphasizing the long-standing nature of the fisheries. Daily collection is common, with preferred areas having high seagrass cover. Post-harvest practices of the collectors include processing catch onshore, while others are synchronous with the collection. “Swaki” roe or gonads are bottled and sold at varying prices, contributing to a daily income of 300-1,000 pesos. Indigenous practices influence harvesting. Meanwhile, environmental concerns arise from potential overharvesting and shell disposal, impacting water quality, ecosystem dynamics, and public safety. This study highlights the complex dynamics of the “Swaki” fisheries, emphasizing the need for sustainable management practices.