FMDS Gender-focused Research

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    The Effects of Sound Entertainment Therapy on the Pain Level, Anxiety Level and Sleep Pattern of Post Cesarean Birth Mothers
    ( 2005) Lansang, Jean
    Post cesarean birth pain is very common in a hospital’s obstetric unit and is usually managed by giving postpartum mothers pain medications. This study investigated a new form of independent, non-pharmacologic nursing intervention in the form of sound entrainment therapy using binaural beat technology. This can be used as an adjunct to medical management of patients. Specifically, it aimed to determine the effects of sound entertainment therapy on the pain and anxiety level as well as the sleeping pattern of post cesarean birth mothers. The investigator used a single blind true experimental design. A total of 65 subjects composed the sample with the experimental group listening to binaural beat CD for one hour while the control group was not subjected to this treatment. Independent T test was utilized to test the difference of sleep patterns between the two groups while repeated measures of ANOVA was the statistical test used for the vital signs which included blood pressure and apical heart rate. The same statistical test was used to measure the anxiety level of post cesarean birth mothers. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of vital signs and sense of relaxation and pain level. However, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep duration, level of energy and anxiety level. Based on the results of this study, sound entrainment therapy can be an effective intervention in increasing sleep duration, raising the level of energy and reducing anxiety level of post cesarean birth mothers. It is recommended that sound entertainment therapy be tried out to help other group of people who are suffering from sleep problems and anxiety like: Pregnant women who are usually stressed out during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy; Pre- and post-operative patients regardless of surgical procedures; Acutely and chronically hospitalized patients; and All types of people who are experiencing everyday stress.
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    A Culturally-Congruent Sexuality Education Content for Adolescents in Legazpi City
    ( 2012) Mirandilla, Ma. Elma L.
    This study generated age-appropriate, culturally congruent sexuality education content for adolescents 10-18 years old. It identified topics for each key concept designed for age categories: 10-12, 13-15 and 16-18 years old. The proposed sexuality education content was based on the consensus among teachers through three rounds of Delphi Technique using UNESCO’s International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education. The consensus on key ideas and topics was supported by significant perceptions of local experts gathered through one-on-one interviews. The research was conducted in Legazpi City. All six key concepts and topics of the Technical Guidance were found acceptable across all age categories except for several key ideas. The key concepts include: Relationships; Values, Attitudes and Skills; Culture, Society and Human Rights; Human Development; Sexual Behavior; and Sexual and Reproductive Health. Probable reasons for excluding some key ideas under various key concepts may be ascribed to the attitudes of adults specifically, prohibitive silence and adultism. Teachers and key informants in this study believed that children were too young to understand and that providing them information will provoke curiosity and entice them to engage in sexual activity. Pursuing a culturally-sound and age-appropriate sexuality education content is indispensable at this time of globalization when adolescents are drawn close to reproductive health risks primarily due to their lack of information on their sexuality. Thus, an appropriate and comprehensive sexuality education program is a significant preventive strategy.
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    Effects of Newborn Care Health Education Program to the Maternal Role Competence of Filipino First Time Mothers
    ( 2013) Rodriguez, Ma. Antoniette D.
    Background: Most women look forward to their new role as mother, despite knowing that it will change their lives dramatically. Successful adjustment leads to satisfaction in the mothering role that can be expressed through self-confidence, self-esteem, competence and mastery of their new role that can be expresses through self-confidence, self-esteem, competence and mastery of their new role. The benefits of a Newborn Care Health Education Program for first time mothers on the maternal role competence have implication for a further development and advancement to minimize the risk of Neonatal morbidity and mortality. Low-cost, effective newborn health interventions can save millions of lives. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of a structured Newborn Care Health Education Program on the Maternal Role Competency of Filipino time mothers in terms of their efficacy and satisfaction. Design: A pretest – posttest, control group quasi experimental design was used. Setting: The study was conducted in the national tertiary maternity hospital in Metro Manila. Participants: A sample of 243 Filipino first time mothers on their 32 to 36 weeks AOG was gathered from July 2012 to January 2013. Purposing sampling was done. Inclusion criteria were primiparous women who are caring for the newborn child for the first time. They may also be women who have given birth to stillborn children and had miscarriage in their first pregnancy. Methods: The intervention was a complete and structure Newborn Health Education Program for Filipino First time Mothers. The study group (n=128) received the NCHEP while the comparison group (n=115) received the routine childbirth education. Outcomes were measured by the Parenting Sens of Competency Scale tool pre- and post-test. Results: Filipino first-time mothers who receive the NCHEP have low efficacy compared to the high efficacy of the comparison group in the pretest but both study and comparison group have high satisfaction in the pretest. However, both groups have low satisfaction in the post test. There is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest of the study group according to their efficacy while there is a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest of the study group according to their satisfaction. There is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest of the study group according to their efficacy the while there is a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest according to their satisfaction. There is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest of the study group according to their efficacy and there is a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest of the comparison group according to their satisfaction. There is no significant difference between the posttest of both groups according to their efficacy. There is no significant difference between the posttest of both groups according to their satisfaction.
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    Lived Experiences of Women Who Had Induced Abortion
    ( 2013) Galang, Geraldine Rowena S.
    Induced abortion, the intentional termination of pregnancy, is a practice that is considered immoral and illegal in most countries, including the Philippines. Because of this situation, many Filipino women commit induced abortion clandestinely. This action, however, may present a grave threat to the life of a woman., both physically and emotionally. This qualitative phenomenological study was conducted to describe the lived experiences of women who had induced abortion. It explored the reasons, means, and effects of committing induced abortion among Filipino women in general. The Van Manen phenomenological approach was utilized in this study by focusing on description of what women experience and how they experience what they experienced. These characteristics are necessary in creating a phenomenological text that involves explorations into the lived experiences of women who had induced abortion. Eight participants, identified through purposive sampling technique, were engaged in an in-depth conversation with the investigator through a semi-structured focused interview. To analyzed data, a research process developed by Colaizzi was utilized to describe the phenomenon. Five common themes emerged from the rich descriptive data: 1) Easy Way Out – identified the reasons why the women resorted to induced abortion; 2) All Choice I Can Take – explored the means resorted to by the women in order to have an induced abortion; 3) Burden Of My Body – tacked the physical effects experienced by the women after having induced abortion; 4) Living With My Conscience – focused on the psychological effects experienced by women after having induced abortion; and, 5) Moving On – describe how the women adapted to life changes after the induce abortion. The study showed that women sought abortion for complex reasons, making them willing to undergo almost any method to get rid of the unwanted pregnancy. To counter the risk, the last part of the study offered conclusions and recommendations for the Philippine government and other key stakeholders to consider, as well as aid health care providers come up with guidelines on how to identify pregnant women who are most likely to opt for abortion, help the women avoid its adverse health consequences, and improve the over-all holistic care given to women who did commit induce abortion.
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    Understanding and Analyzing the Role of Women in the Management of Selected Marine Protected Areas in San Juan Batangas
    ( 2015) Tena, Grace A.
    The Philippines hosts a prolific and vastly diverse marine and coastal resources which makes it the third highest in marine biodiversity in the world. However, due to increasing human population that results in increased fishing pressure, these rich marine resources are at risk of degradation. To address this and comply with the mandate of National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) and Fisheries Code, the government established marine protected areas or fish sanctuaries. At present, the national government manages only 33 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) under NIPAS while the local governments oversee the management of 1,620 as mandated under the Fisheries Code. However, despite this number of MPAs, both state and LGU-managed, it was assessed that its spatial coverage was not ecologically representative of the areas that need protection. Similarly, it was also cited that the weak and ineffective governance of several MPAs contributes to the continuing degradation of these MPAs. And to improve the management of MPAs, all stakeholders and sectors must actively participate, including women, in its management. Women, whose roles seem to be unnoticed, can be an active agent of change in MPA management. Hence, this study aimed to understand the role of women in MPA management through the perceptions of 25 women and 8 men in 12 MPAs in San Juan Batangas. Key informant interviews were also done with officers of local government unit in San Juan Batangas and in the Provincial Government of Batangas. It was found out that both women and men perceived that the current supporting role of women in the monitoring of the sea from their houses is already sufficient and enough. Other roles than this are still unacknowledged and unnoticed which do not seem to matter to women themselves and even to the local government. Probably because they have yet to recognize their potential and strengths as women. These perceptions made women remain on the sideline in taking greater roles in MPA management. And the lack of awareness of men and women of what women can do well and significantly contribute in community development in general is contributing to these perceptions. The potential of women in increasing the effectiveness of MPA management is huge given their role in the family as well as their natural characteristics. Increasing women participation in MPA management is not about replacing or out-powering men. It is about recognizing their differences in needs and issues and tapping their potential and strengths as key stakeholders in finding solutions and improving the MPA management and eventually in sustaining the productivity of their resource base for their family sustenance.
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    Postpartum Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy and Success of Mothers on Home Maternity Care (Kraamzorg) In The Hague
    ( 2016) Dieters, Maria Theresa A.
    Breastfeeding has been shown repeatedly to be the single most effective way to prevent infant death. It plays a major role in children’s health and development, and significantly benefits the health of mothers. The investigator believes that the perceptions mother have in their ability to breastfeed, or their breastfeeding self-efficacy influences their intent, continuation and success to breastfeed. Maternal breastfeeding confidence and self-efficacy is a variable that is modifiable through interventions such as education and support. This study is needed to identify the level of breastfeeding efficacy in postpartum mothers in The Hague because a strong sense of self-efficacy encourages individuals to engage themselves fully in the activity, to endure hardships and setbacks. Postpartum mothers who were on their 8-10 days home-maternity care in The Hague (Kraamzorg) were asked to fill-in a questionnaire to measure their levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy before after home maternity care and their breastfeeding success at the end of this 8-10 days period. Results indicate that postpartum level of breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers before home maternity care is lower than after home maternity care. Furthermore, there is no significant statistical relationship as to the mother’s demographic characteristics and breastfeeding self-efficacy, except for the type of delivery. The demographic characteristics of mothers showed no significant statistical relationship with breastfeeding success of mothers in The Hague. Lastly, there is a direct correlation between the breastfeeding self-efficacy and success among postpartum mothers.
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    New Born Care Programme (Atumatu NlekotaNdi Amuru Ohuru On Perceived Maternal Competence and Satisfaction of Nigerian Mothers)
    ( 2016) Emmanuel, Blessing C.
    Newborn has various needs as frequent feeding, bathing, provision of warmth umbilical cord care, protection etc. Adequate care for them depends on the mother’s awareness, attitude and skill. Thus, maternal competence is vital. This calls for a newborn care teaching program to increase maternal competence on newborn care. This study used quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with non-equivalent control group to determine the effect of newborn care program on maternal competence and find associations between the maternal competence and selected demographic profiles among antenatal mothers. The study was conducted in the antenatal and postnatal units of General Hospital Owerri Imo State, Nigeria. A purposive non-probability sampling technique was used. 80 pregnant mother attending antenatal clinic were recruited. Inclusion criteria were pregnant mothers at 37th week till delivery, who are available during the study, willing to participate, low risk pregnancy, at least 18 years old and competent to consent. The intervention was a newborn care program that was administered using audio-visual teaching. The experimental group (n=40) received the newborn care program. The comparison group (N=40) did not receive any. Outcomes were measured with the Parenting Sense of Competence scale at baseline and post intervention at 2 days after delivery. Mothers who received newborn care program had significant improvement in the maternal competence from low (pretest) to high (posttest) in satisfaction ratings. There was a significant difference (p = 0.0397, t = -2.453) in the level of maternal competence satisfaction rating. Relationship was established (P<0.05) between the level of maternal and age (x2 = 8.95, p= 0.014) and parity (x2=6.85, p = 0.0325) only but not with education, employment and family support. The newborn care program was effective in improving the maternal competence of antenatal mothers. Mother’s age and parity were identified to influence maternal competence while education, employment and family support were not significantly related to maternal competence.
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    The Use of Pregnancy Wheel by Health Care Providers: Its Effect on the Adherence to Prenatal Visits Among Mothers
    ( 2016) Daniel, Jane P.
    This is a descriptive cohort study that determined the effects of the use of the pregnancy wheel among the 24 Health Care Providers (HCPs) in the adherence of 74 mothers to prenatal visits in Jaro, Iloilo City from their 28th week of pregnancy up to their 36th week of pregnancy, duration of 8 weeks of monitoring. Data collected were processed through SPSS. Chi-square test was used to test relationship of adherence before and after use of pregnancy wheel and the relationship with the socio-demographic profile. Other data were described by frequency and percentage distribution. The study revealed that most mothers being served in the RHU are in their productive age of 21 to 34 years old, literate, married, belong to the low income group as their source of livelihood is non-regular, started their first prenatal visit during the second trimester, and on their fourth pregnancy; there is an improvement in the level of adherence to prenatal visit before and after the use of the pregnancy wheel; there is a significant difference between the level of adherence to prenatal visit before and after the use of the pregnancy wheel among mothers; there is no significant relationship between the level of adherence and socio-demographic profile of participants after the use of pregnancy wheel. Adherence, therefore, is not determined by the socio-demographic profile of the mothers but may be a result of other factors.
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    Living with and Caring for a Type I Diabetic Child: Coping and Depression Symptoms in Mothers
    ( 2017) Oruga, Myra ; Bagos, Jelaine
    Voices of mothers living with and caring for their children with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) will be explored in this study through the use of photovoice lens and survey. Studies show that parental coping with the stress of diabetes is likely to play an important role in child and family adjustment to the disease. Their coping skill not only influences their psychosocial health and wellbeing but it also affects their children’s psychosocial adjustment and quality of life (QOL). Thus, the paper aims to create a framework on the effect of the coping styles used by mothers of children with T1D to mothers’ psychosocial adjustment to the disease by using a combination of grounded theory, photovoice, and survey research design as methodology. With a 2-year reference period (2016-2018), around 50 mothers with Type 1 Diabetic children from at least three (3) Diabetic Club Organizations within Laguna will serve as the respondents of the study. Ten to 20 of them will be randomly selected to participate in a series of workshops or focus group discussions (FGDs) and photography sessions. Researcher-administered questionnaires will first be distributed to gather data onsocio-demographic characteristics, coping styles, and depression symptoms. The study will adopt the questions from The Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) questionnaire to assess symptoms of depression in mothers; and the Responses to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ) (Connor-Smith, 2000) to determine mothers’ coping styles. A workshop for randomly selected participants will then be conducted to explain to them how photovoice is conducted its specific do’s and dont’s. Photography sessions will be conducted to collect more in-depth data on mothers’ coping styles. Focus group discussions will serve as venue for the mothers to explain the meanings of their respective photographs; emerging patterns from their explanations will be observed. Data from the survey and photovoice sessions will then be analyzed to develop the framework. Key informant interviews (KIIs) with officials from the Provincial Health Office and randomly selected City/Municipal Health Offices will also be done to review existing policies and programs on Type 1 Diabetes in Laguna. These factors contribute significantly to the success of an effort (e.g. future health programs). Furthermore, gaining the support of policy makers is an essential part in strategic program planning (FAO, 2014). Recommendations based on the results of the study could help improve the identified existing policies and programs on Type 1 Diabetes and guide future activities, particularly on coping skills training for mothers to help lessen the impact of T1D on parents and families.
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    Gender Fairness of UPOU-Produced Open Educational Resources
    ( 2018) Serrano, Joane ; Gelisan, Luisa ; Gonzales, Eubelle
    In support of the Magna Carta of Women and to further promote gender mainstreaming, the Philippine national government issued a circular directing government agencies, including state colleges and universities to adopt Gender Equality Guidelines in the development of media policies and programs. Studies (Benavot, 2016; Blumberg, 2007; Jenkins & Phillips, 1995; Kerkhoven, Russo, Land-Zandstra, Saxena, & Rodenburg, 2016; Mills & Mustapha, 2015;) showed that gender bias and language insensitivity in learning materials negatively affect female students’ general performance. The Multimedia Center (MC), the unit of the University of the Philippines Open University (UPOU) that is tasked to design, develop, produce, and disseminate multimedia course materials has been implementing practices to make UPOU multimedia learning materials more inclusive and gender fair. This study examines the gender fairness of the “Open Educational Resources (OER) for Technology for Teaching and Learning” video series. These series of videos produced by the MC is disseminated to the learners and general public via the UPOU Networks, the university’s virtual repository of learning materials. To study the gender sensitivity of the videos, content analysis will be done using the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) gender-sensitive indicators and the Philippine Commission on Women Towards a Gender Fair Media guidelines.
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    Development of a Counselling Framework for Mothers of Children with Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease
    ( 2018) Ridulme, Queenie
    HIV cases in the Philippines are increasing every month according to the HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines of the Department of Health and so are cases of mothers with perinatally infected children (Department of Health Epidemiology Bureau, 2016). At present, psychosocial and nutrition counseling is only provided after 6 months post delivery. The purpose of this study is to develop a framework for counselling mothers of children with perinatally acquired HIV disease. It will utilize a grounded theory approach, using interviews and focus group discussions of mothers living with HIV, as well as experts in HIV and counselling. Themes and their relationships will be identified to create a framework for counselling the participants.
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    Analysis of Reasons for filing Leave of Absence (LOA) and Application for Dropping of Course/s (DRP) of the Faculty of Management and Development Studies (FMDS) Students
    ( 2018) Garcia, Primo ; Pasion-Guevarra, Jeniffer ; Muyco, Paula Grace
    Literature about online learning as well as strategies developed for keeping students enrolled concentrated on both men and women in general without disaggregating findings (Mueller, 2008). However, it is essential to examine gender in relation to distance education since this is extensively promoted to women and it is also an institution where gender and power differences are constructed (Kramarae, 2003). Bean and Metzner (1985) considered gender as an important variable in studying attrition rates given the gender-specific roles the students carry outside their classes which would influence their decisions in their studies. In the Philippines, UP Open University offers online baccalaureate, post baccalaureate, continuing education programs, and massive open and distance e-learning courses. With the changing issues and challenges faced by women in society, gender differences on student attrition must be examined to better capture the realities and perspectives of women in the Philippines. Examining the various issues and challenges faced by online learners surfaced through their reasons for filing a leave of absence (LOA) or authorized dropping (DRP) of course will help institutions develop policies and programs for more effective student support. The study identified the challenges faced by the students leading to their decision to file for LOA or DRP and surfaced the gender implications at play in the said decisions
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    Analysis of Gender Portrayal in UP Open University Social Media Sites
    ( 2018) Serrano, Joane ; Petrasanta, Lovelyn ; Cañas-Llamas, Anna
    The UP Open University (UPOU) social media sites with about 40,000 followers accross its social media pages is assumed to have a significant role in disseminating information and knowledge for most of its learners both local and offshore. According to The Statistics Portal (statista.com), the number of social media users around the globe is estimated to increase from 2.46 billion in 2017 to 2.77 billion in 2019. Three (3) of four (4) internet users use social media, with women (76%) using social networking sites more than men (72%). This study aims to examine the portrayal and representation of women and men in the graphics and videos posted across UPOU social media sites: Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. This study will make use of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as its theoretical and analytic framework. The study will make use of the Gender-Sensitive Indicators for Media (GSIM) by UNESCO (2012) as the analytical tool in analyzing gender portrayal and representation in UPOU social media posts.
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    Gender Roles in Coastal Resources Management of a Fishing Community in Lucena City, Quezon Province, Philippines
    ( 2018) Manansala, Teddy S.
    Human activities continue to add pressure on marine and coastal ecosystems resulting to its collapse. The dynamics of its governance has even undervalued women’s contribution in the labor force of the fisheries sector. Globally, gender equality in sustainable marine and coastal ecosystems are espoused in the 5th and 14th sustainable development goals. This study explored the gender component and coastal resources management practices of a fishing community in Lucena City, Quezon Province, Philippines. Specifically, the role and participation of women in fishing activities including key issues and challenges in the community related to the use of their coastal resources and natural environment was done using a survey questionnaire. Demographic profile of respondents showed that majority of the fishers belonged to families in subsistence poverty. There was a significant proportion of single male over female fishers with computed values of 14.079 and 0.30 using Chi-square and Cramer’s V tests, respectively. Young male fishers were forced to stop schooling and engaged in fishing activities to help provide additional income for their families. Results also showed that there was no significant difference between female and male fishers regarding their engagement in the same labor-intensive fishing activities. Identified key issues and challenges include ineffective implementation of coastal water patrolling, illegal fishing from intruders, lack of alternative livelihood during tropical weather disturbances, low participation in CRM initiatives and membership in POs. Recommended solutions include: (1) provision of high-speed patrol boat; (2) budget allocation for the trainings and minimal capital for alternative livelihood during off-season fishing; (3) stringent implementation of ordinance on legal fishing gears and equipment including jurisdiction on coastal waters; (4) budget allocation for the establishment of PO cooperative; (5) information education communication (IEC) initiatives and projects in coordination with the academe and LGU for technical expertise and trainings. Established baseline data from this study may be used as basis for the LGU and stakeholders in policy-making, projects prioritization, IEC and outreach programs. Through concerted local, national and global action addressing the vicious cycle of poverty can the sustainable development goals may be realized. Further study may be considered on the community’s adaptation, resilience, and mitigation towards climate change.
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    Empowering Women Entrepreneurs through Open and Distance Learning: The Case of the Germany Alumnae
    ( 2019) Gervacio, Juvy Lizettte
    This research will look into how Open and Distance e-Learning (ODeL) empower women entrepreneurs specifically in their ability to use what they have learned from the course in another context; ability to work independently and share experiences with other participants, among others. Specifically, it will look into how the entrepreneurship online modules were designed and implemented; the perception of participants regarding the online program; the business plans as immediate outputs of the program; the knowledge and competencies gained by the participants; and the progress of at least three projects presented by them. The research will focus on the case of the Blended Learning Course on Entrepreneurship for Germany Alumnae that was conducted by the University of the Philippines Open University (UPOU) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). Further, it will also follow up on three business ideas that were developed by three participants of the program.
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    Maternal Stress and Perceived Nurse Support Among Mothers of Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary Hospital in Qatar
    ( 2019) Mariano, Katherine DJ.
    Mothers of premature infants who require intensive care begin their experience of parenthood in the unfamiliar and often overwhelming environment of the NICU, a rather stressful predicament they are not adequately prepared for. Being the primary members of the healthcare team directly involved in patient care, NICU nurses are in a unique position to help and support the parents, assess their needs and alleviate their stress so that they can adapt to their stressful situation and be able to carry on with their new role not as passive visitors in the unit but as active partners in patient care. In this regard, this study aimed to shed a deeper understanding of the relationship between these two main concepts - maternal stress and perceived nurse support. In addition to this, this study investigated on these two concepts as they exist in the context of cultural diversity: an important approach few researchers have ventured to explore on. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the maternal stress and perceived nurse support among mothers of premature infants admitted in a neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Doha, Qatar and to determine if a significant relationship between the said variables exist. In order to accomplish this, two pre-validated and widely used tools, the Parental Stress Scales: NICU (NPST) and Nurse Parent Support Tool (NPST) were utilized. Seventy-one (71) mothers, both Qatari (n = 25, 35%) and non-Qatari (n = 46, 65%), agreed to participate in this study and completed the three-part questionnaire which were distributed during the study period which lasted from March to May 2018. Data from the study shows that regardless of the nationality, most of the time it is not the medical fragility or the critical condition of the child.
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    Parental Relationship and Parental Influence on Teenage Pregnancy Among Adolescent Mothers in Polillo, Quezon
    ( 2019) Queddeng-Quesea, Ethel
    This study aimed to determine the level of parental relationship among adolescent mothers in 5 different domains: doing things together, communication, understanding, love and respect and conflict and its correlation to early pregnancy. Degree of parental influence was also determined and its correlation to parental relationship and to the occurence of early pregnancy. The respondents were the 134 adolescent mothers aged 13-19 years old of Polillo, Quezon, Philippines, chosen purposively based on the needed qualifications. Using descriptive method, the level of parental relationship was obtained by using a modified PRCSS (Parent-child relationship schema scale) while for the degree of parental influence a self-developed questionnaire was utilized. It was measurable by 5 point Likert scale, (5) often - (1) never, and qualitatively interpreted as poor, fair and good parental relationship whereas Parental influence as (5) strongly agree to (1) strongly disagree and interpreted as no parental influence at all, weak and strong parental influence. It was revealed that parental influence on engaging behavior that leads adolescent mothers of Polillo, Quezon to teenage pregnancy is stronger among older adolescents living in rural barangays and whose sexual awareness comes from friends/peers, TV, and movies. It found out that the adolescent mothers of Polillo, Quezon have a good relationship with their parents but have a fair relationship in terms of conflicting behaviors. Using spearman rank, the correlation between the parental relationship and parental influence on engaging behavior revealed that the better the parental relationship, the weaker the parental influence on engaging behavior to adolescent pregnancy. Conversely, this research concluded that the stronger the conflict in parent-child relationship, the stronger parental influence on engaging behavior to adolescent pregnancy may happen. The researcher proposes that stricter parental guidance advisory to movies and TV shows should be implemented. This study also proposed to have seminars and motivational lectures on health issues and healthy parent-child relationship to all parents and children of 20 barangays of Polillo, Quezon.
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    The Relationship of Gender Difference and Self- Regulation Among Online Learners in the Philippines
    ( 2021) Ramos, Rita ; Rosario, Hanna May
    The drastic shift to online education has continued to persist among learners as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect every nation worldwide. Besides the issue of the digital divide, the current online learning environment of learners has also paved the way for issues based on gender and academic performance. Using the Winne and Hadwin’s Self Regulation Theory, this study will explore the relationship of the gender identity of online learners from the University of the Philippines Open University to their self regulation practices through measuring their academic performance. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the researchers will aim to give an emphasis on the aspect of gender in online learning which is seldom realized. In addition, this study also aims to contribute to the information-building of gender and online learning in the Philippines.
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    Chatbot Gender and User Behavior and Satisfaction
    ( 2021) Serrano, Joane ; Almodiel, Myra ; Belegal, Janele Ann ; Cañas-Llamas, Anna ; Petrasanta, Lovelyn
    As a pioneer in open and distance e-Learning in the Philippines, UPOU continues to explore various information and communication technologies in enhancing not just its course development and delivery, but its provision of support and information services as well. One of the tools that is gaining popularity in businesses and even in universities in recent years is artificial intelligence (AI). The integration of AI-based tools such as chatbots in an organization’s systems and processes promise some degree of streamlining given the increasing demand of customers. This proposal will document and share the to compare the number of chatbot inquiries and conversations by gender before and during the global public health crisis. Data will be collected using document analysis through an existing chatbot monitoring tool. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations will be utilized to analyze the study data. This study puts forward its assumption that male and female users of the UPOU chatbot will have different frequencies of chatbot inquiries and conservations, and different user behaviors based on the UPOU chatbot’s gender.
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    Knowledge Management in the University of the Philippines Open University: Exploring Gender Differences of Student Support Employees
    ( 2021) Serrano, Joane ; Belegal, Janele Ann ; Cañas-Llamas, Anna
    When the COVID-19 global pandemic broke out, the University of the Philippines Open University (UPOU) made adjustments to its operations to address the heightened need for its support services. These support services are mainly provision of information and knowledge of and about the university stored both physically and digitally, with more women providing support services than men. To ensure knowledge is accessible and available amidst any disruption, knowledge management practices must be streamlined and sustained. However, studies analyzing gender differences in knowledge management of educational institutions are lacking. This study aims to fill the current research gap in the context of an educational institution, and study the gender differences in UPOU in terms of knowledge management practices. Data will be collected from targeted respondents who provide support services to UPOU constituents. Descriptive statistics and cross tabulations will be used to analyze the data gathered.