Faculty of Management and Development Studies

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Browsing Faculty of Management and Development Studies by Title

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    A Comparative Assessment of Philippine and Vietnam Strategies in the South China Sea Conflict Management
    ( 2023) Laguerta, Rex Marion C.
    This study examines the interactions of intra-Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) actors, their strategies, and actions, and offers a conceptual framework to explain current attempts at territorial contestation in the South China Sea (SCS). The conceptual framework attempts to apply a multidimensional management framework to the SCS claims by ASEAN and China. Vietnam has effectively used the multidimensional management framework in its strategies in the SCS and offers valuable lessons to other ASEAN co-claimants, including the Philippines. The strategies of both Vietnam and the Philippines manifest state-to-state channels of interaction. The correspondence between Vietnam’s strategy to the rest of the ASEAN member states indicates the deployment of supra-state-to-state level of interactions. Positive and negative factors interact in the ASEAN Way of Conflict Management as shown by the Vietnamese experience. It is imperative for the ASEAN to strengthen its dispute settlement mechanisms while strengthening the rules-based order based on member states’ interests. An in-depth comparison of Philippine and Vietnamese SCS strategies has shown a strong basis for cooperation in harnessing the SCS energy and marine resources. In 2016, the arbitral tribunal adjudicating the Philippines' case against China in the SCS ruled overwhelmingly in favor of the Philippines. In contrast, Vietnam used hedging tactics. These actions indicate a diversity in strategies for smaller countries such as Vietnam and the Philippines to counterbalance pressure from big countries. Future studies should be able to fine-tune the use of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the impact of SCS strategies on possible concerted synergized actions. Joint strategies should strengthen and mutually reinforce naval defense capabilities or management of fisheries and marine resources. These potential areas of cooperation based on mutual interest are barely addressed in the literature. The Philippines can develop a more robust strategy and management framework to support the independent foreign policy articulated by the Philippine administrations. The Philippine SCS strategy should be able to protect and assert its sovereignty and national interest, over and beyond the pressures of Sino-American bipolarism.
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    A Comparative Study of Laws and Policies on Plastic Waste Management Between Indonesia and the Philippines
    ( 2025) Pasillas II, Arnold L.
    This study presents a comparative analysis of plastic waste management laws, policies, and practices in Indonesia and the Philippines, two of Southeast Asia’s most plastic-intensive economies. Grounded in five central pillars—policy and regulation, community capacity and management, technological innovation, partnerships and collaboration, and behavioral and cultural transformation—the research examines both institutional frameworks and community-level interventions to evaluate the effectiveness and limitations of current approaches. Through thematic qualitative analysis, the study identifies recurring implementation gaps linked to enforcement challenges, infrastructure limitations, and inconsistent public participation, despite the presence of comprehensive legal instruments such as Indonesia’s National Plan of Action on Marine Debris and the Philippines’ Ecological Solid Waste Management Act. The findings culminate in a 10-point strategic framework designed to guide local and national decision-makers toward scalable, inclusive, and systems-oriented solutions. Key themes include the rise of hybrid waste management models blending technology with grassroots engagement, the evolving role of informal sectors, and the critical need for cross-sector alignment in achieving circular economy goals. The study underscores the importance of maintaining momentum in regulatory development while strengthening mechanisms for community integration, inter-agency coordination, and private sector engagement. Beyond the national lens, this research contributes to the broader ASEAN agenda on environmental cooperation by offering context-specific insights and replicable practices that can support regional harmonization of plastic waste strategies. Ultimately, it offers a timely reminder that meaningful progress in addressing plastic pollution requires not only policy commitment but sustained, multi-level alignment across institutional, societal, and market-driven actors.
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    A Culturally-Congruent Sexuality Education Content for Adolescents in Legazpi City
    ( 2012) Mirandilla, Ma. Elma L.
    This study generated age-appropriate, culturally congruent sexuality education content for adolescents 10-18 years old. It identified topics for each key concept designed for age categories: 10-12, 13-15 and 16-18 years old. The proposed sexuality education content was based on the consensus among teachers through three rounds of Delphi Technique using UNESCO’s International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education. The consensus on key ideas and topics was supported by significant perceptions of local experts gathered through one-on-one interviews. The research was conducted in Legazpi City. All six key concepts and topics of the Technical Guidance were found acceptable across all age categories except for several key ideas. The key concepts include: Relationships; Values, Attitudes and Skills; Culture, Society and Human Rights; Human Development; Sexual Behavior; and Sexual and Reproductive Health. Probable reasons for excluding some key ideas under various key concepts may be ascribed to the attitudes of adults specifically, prohibitive silence and adultism. Teachers and key informants in this study believed that children were too young to understand and that providing them information will provoke curiosity and entice them to engage in sexual activity. Pursuing a culturally-sound and age-appropriate sexuality education content is indispensable at this time of globalization when adolescents are drawn close to reproductive health risks primarily due to their lack of information on their sexuality. Thus, an appropriate and comprehensive sexuality education program is a significant preventive strategy.
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    Achieving Ecological Sustainability through a Geospatial Assessment of Urban Landscapes: A Case Study of Metro Manila
    ( 2023) Paredes, Ulysses Nolan C.
    The compact city model has been an accepted alternative to urban sprawl. However, the densification of cities has led to a loss of urban green spaces, which provide important ecosystem services such as health benefits, climate regulation, and recreation opportunities. This study focuses on the dynamics of landscape change in Metro Manila from 1992 to 2022, using spatiotemporal analysis and remote sensing technology. The study found that there is an overall loss of urban green spaces in Metro Manila, with 77.69% of the city being composed of impervious land cover and 16.15% being pervious cover with urban greens and vegetation, and 4.27% is water. Much of the undisturbed vegetation are within the region’s protected landscapes and private parks and golf courses. Environmental variables such as NDVI show a decrease (-0.03) in the average vegetation health and an increase in the average land surface temperature (+1.60°C) highlighting the urban heat island. The study presents how a low-cost rapid assessment of urban green spaces in Metro Manila can be achieved to identify and map changes in the landscape, understand the drivers of change, and introduce appropriate interventions and management paradigms to enhance the city's resilience in the face of climate change. It is essential to have objective environmental assessment and territorial planning and decision-making stages to consider the needs of the landscape and improve the quality and quantity of urban green spaces.
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    Advancing the SDGs through Visayan Museum Practices: a Focused Ethnography Toward ASEAN Socio-Cultural Collaboration
    ( 2025) Martinez, Aspen Dolene
    Museums within the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) are recognized as vital sectors to drive Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).  However, the link between museums and the SDGs remains unclear, particularly in  terms of how local museums can make tangible contributions. Hence, this  ethnographic study explored the practices, challenges, and opportunities in Visayan museums for advancing the SDGs, contributing to creating an avenue for ASEAN  socio-cultural collaboration. Eight museum employees and 12 stakeholders were selected using purposive sampling, and data collection and analysis followed Spradley’s (1980) Developmental Research Sequence (DRS). Participant observation, ethnographic interviews, field notes, multimedia tolls, and artifacts were used as primary data collection tools. The findings revealed five main themes or practices in Visayan museums: prioritizing education, fostering empowerment and inclusivity, promoting cultural awareness, promoting environmental awareness, and engaging stakeholders in heritage conservation. The study also identified three main challenges on economic sustainability, physical space, and community awareness. Moreover, four major opportunities were identified, such as community engagement, partnerships and collaborations, cultural and economic development, and institutionalization of policies, which further underscored implications for ASEAN socio-cultural collaboration. Recommendations include enhancing existing initiatives aligned with the SDGs, formalizing SDG-related policies, and facilitating knowledge-sharing platforms.
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    An Assessment of Nurse-Patient Communication in a Tertiary Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain
    ( 2018) Rodriguez, Smitha Shalet
    Title: An Assessment of the Nurse-Patient Communication in a Tertiary Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain Introduction: An integral part of nursing care is effective communication. It improves the relationship between the nurse and the patient, and it results in better treatment and improved quality of care (Tay, Ang, & Hegney, 2012). Every aspect of communication is influenced by the differences in culture. Cultural competence gives an opportunity for the healthcare professionals to know the different cultural beliefs related to health and to incorporate awareness into diagnosis and treatment planning. Data Collection: The descriptive correlational study was conducted in medical and surgical in-patient units of King Hamad University Hospital, Kingdom of Bahrain in 2018. The questionnaire consists of two parts: a demographic profile and the Self-Administered Communication Survey. The factors affecting nurse patient communication were categorized into Common barriers, Nurse-related barriers, Patient-related barriers and Environmental barriers. A total of 78 nurses and 75 patients took part in the study. Results: The main barriers to the nurse-patient communication from the nurses’ point of view were cultural differences between nurse and patient, differences between the language of the nurse and the patient, nurses’ lack of time and opportunity to communicate well with the patients, patients’ negative attitude towards the nurse, presence of patient’s companion, and presence of a very sick patient in the department. The main barriers to nurse-patient communication from the patient’s perspective were age difference between nurse and patient, interference of the patient’s companions, busy environment of the unit, and inappropriate environmental conditions (lack of proper ventilation, fluctuating temperature, inadequate lighting, unpleasant odor, etc.). Conclusion: Analysis of the factors influencing the communication is the basic step in resolving communications issues between nurses and patients. A good solution to be communication problems cannot be established without taking into consideration both the patients’ and nurses’ views of communication. Understanding and accepting the Islamic values and beliefs are essential in communicating and delivering care for Muslim patients. Development of broader knowledge of Arabic culture is important for all health care professionals who deliver care in the Middle Eastern on Arabic region. Recommendations: The study recommends development of effective nurse-patient communication protocols and policies in the hospital and establishment of Arabic language and communication skills training for nurses.
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    An Assessment of the Implementation of the ASEAN Cosmetic Product Notification Scheme: Focus on the Philippines
    ( 2018) Olivar, Vanessa O
    Cosmetics as a consumer good is gaining an importance in the lifestyles of Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) consumers. The experience of competition in ASEAN cosmetics has given impetus to contribute to the promotion of regional economic integration. The aim of the study is to assess the benefits, outcome and impact of the regulatory scheme agreed by the ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and Quality-Cosmetic Product Working Group (ACCSQ-CPWG). The ASEAN Economic Ministers signed the Agreement on the ASEAN Harmonized Cosmetic Regulatory Scheme (AHCRS) at the 35th ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting in Cambodia in September 2003. The objective of the ASEAN Cosmetic Directive (ACD) is to provide the framework for the harmonization and mutual recognition of the Standard, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment Procedures (STRACAP), to eliminate unnecessary Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Through a questionnaire survey of key cosmetics industry players in the Philippines, the study generated primary data to analyze the impact of the ACD. The study also collected secondary data and information to support the analysis. The study obtained copies of relevant Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issuances, reports, slide presentations, and visited related websites on cosmetics. Library research was done to collect copies of ASEAN Secretariat Reports and minutes of the ASEAN Cosmetic Committee (ACC) meetings, standard source of industry information such as Euromonitor international. The study was supplemented by emails, non-structured interviews and communications with past and current delegates to ACCSQ-CPWG and/or ACCSQ-ACC. The respondents in the survey confirmed significant milestones and accomplishments, benefits and impact after 10 years of implementing the cosmetic online Product Notification (PN, the e-Notification, by the Philippine FDA and the rest of the ASEAN Member State (AMS) National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs). The study has the following conclusions: a) The ACCSQ-CPWG successfully designed the ACD PN scheme to eliminate TBT. b) ASEAN member countries through their respective NRAs have established online PN systems, which increased efficiency in processing time. The Philippine FDA instituted the most efficient e-Notification system in ASEAN. c) The cosmetic industry sector was instrumental in ensuring ASEAN regulatory harmonization. d) The cosmetic industry significantly benefited in terms of ease of doing business in the region and accessing the international market, advancing globalization. e) Up to this time, cosmetics is one of the most developed and earliest among the successfully regulated industry in ASEAN, showcasing the benefits and advantages of harmonization of standards, procedures and regulatory mechanisms in ASEAN. f) Consumers are the ultimate recipient of the benefits and advantages of the ACD PN System. g) ASEAN harmonization of STRACAP is possible when the public and private sectors cooperate and collaborate to ensure that free trade is sustainable in the region. h) Trade data and trends point towards sustained growth and development of the cosmetic industry sector and the ASEAN market. By ensuring participation of the NRAs, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)-ACCSQ accomplished not only an increase in ASEAN trade in cosmetics, but also established a greater degree of assurance of consumer safety and welfare. The study is recommending key points towards a proposed strategic action plan to further promote and achieve a Single Regulatory Regime for ASEAN on cosmetics. The proposed action plan will further sustain the initial gains during the 10 years of implementing the ACD PN.
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    An Ode to Unheralded Heroism: The Volunteer Nurses’ Experiences in the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan
    ( 2016) Ballecer, Jasper Joseph C.
    Disaster events are extraordinary healthcare practice settings. Healthcare provision in these scenarios require extensive competencies and adaptability from healthcare workers. Involvement in these efforts have increased, as supranational initiatives in disaster response has caused the influx of volunteer disaster healthcare workers. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of volunteer disaster nurses in the aftermath of typhoon Haiyan using Colaizzi's (1978) Model to gain an understanding on the experience. Nine volunteer nurses who served immediately after the typhoon hit the central Philippines in late 2013. with each representing specific fields of specialty within nursing practice, were selected purposively as participants. The study's findings yielded five themes: Motivation, Realities of the Volunteer Disaster Nurse Experience, Coping while Caring, Leaving a Mark, and A Journey towards Self-discovery. Motivation was the source of the decision to help. It was also the driving force for volunteers to go through the obstacles and cope effectively. Once this has been successfully achieved, the nurses gained learnings and reflections both as human beings and as health professionals which in turn, renewed their altruism. These findings can be used by healthcare workers. educators, and health policy-makers on the practical side to promote the well-being of disaster healthcare workers by being more cognizant to their problems, challenges, and motivations. The study's findings can also be a jumping point for more in-depth inquiries and/or investigations in other disaster settings.
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    Analysis of Gender Portrayal in UP Open University Social Media Sites
    ( 2018) Serrano, Joane ; Petrasanta, Lovelyn ; Cañas-Llamas, Anna
    The UP Open University (UPOU) social media sites with about 40,000 followers accross its social media pages is assumed to have a significant role in disseminating information and knowledge for most of its learners both local and offshore. According to The Statistics Portal (statista.com), the number of social media users around the globe is estimated to increase from 2.46 billion in 2017 to 2.77 billion in 2019. Three (3) of four (4) internet users use social media, with women (76%) using social networking sites more than men (72%). This study aims to examine the portrayal and representation of women and men in the graphics and videos posted across UPOU social media sites: Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. This study will make use of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as its theoretical and analytic framework. The study will make use of the Gender-Sensitive Indicators for Media (GSIM) by UNESCO (2012) as the analytical tool in analyzing gender portrayal and representation in UPOU social media posts.
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    Analysis of Reasons for filing Leave of Absence (LOA) and Application for Dropping of Course/s (DRP) of the Faculty of Management and Development Studies (FMDS) Students
    ( 2018) Garcia, Primo ; Pasion-Guevarra, Jeniffer ; Muyco, Paula Grace
    Literature about online learning as well as strategies developed for keeping students enrolled concentrated on both men and women in general without disaggregating findings (Mueller, 2008). However, it is essential to examine gender in relation to distance education since this is extensively promoted to women and it is also an institution where gender and power differences are constructed (Kramarae, 2003). Bean and Metzner (1985) considered gender as an important variable in studying attrition rates given the gender-specific roles the students carry outside their classes which would influence their decisions in their studies. In the Philippines, UP Open University offers online baccalaureate, post baccalaureate, continuing education programs, and massive open and distance e-learning courses. With the changing issues and challenges faced by women in society, gender differences on student attrition must be examined to better capture the realities and perspectives of women in the Philippines. Examining the various issues and challenges faced by online learners surfaced through their reasons for filing a leave of absence (LOA) or authorized dropping (DRP) of course will help institutions develop policies and programs for more effective student support. The study identified the challenges faced by the students leading to their decision to file for LOA or DRP and surfaced the gender implications at play in the said decisions
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    Antimicrobial Stewardship Through the Nurses’ Lens: Knowledge, Perceptions and Challenges in a Mixed-Methods Study
    ( 2025) Barcelona, Jeribelle
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a global health threat, and nurses play a pivotal yet often under-recognized role in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). This study examined nurse’s knowledge, perceptions, and challenges related to their role in AMS using a mixed methods explanatory sequential design. The quantitative phase involved 313 registered nurses from various clinical settings who completed a validated online questionnaire assessing their AMS knowledge, perceptions, and perceived challenges. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and logistic regression. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 10 purposively selected nurses to explore and contextualize the quantitative findings. Results indicated that most participants demonstrated high AMS knowledge (88.8%) and a generally positive perception of their role in AMS (WM = 3.97, “Agree”). However, gaps remained in application-level knowledge, particularly in areas such as intravenous-to-oral conversion and understanding environmental contributors to resistance. Linear regression analysis revealed that knowledge significantly predicted perception (B = -1.55, p < .001), suggesting that more knowledgeable nurses held more critical or realistic perspectives on AMS practice within hierarchical healthcare structures. Conversely, knowledge was not significantly associated with perceived challenges (p = .399), indicating that the barriers were primarily systemic rather than individual. The qualitative analysis identified six themes: fragmented and experience- driven knowledge, limited role perception, competing priorities and workload pressures, confidence and hierarchy, patient education limitations, and training and empowerment. The integration of findings indicated that although nurses demonstrated a strong foundational awareness of AMS, their potential contributions were constrained by institutional culture, workload demands, and the absence of structured AMS training programs. The study concludes that empowering nurses through targeted AMS education, interprofessional collaboration, and organisational support is essential for strengthening their stewardship role and addressing antimicrobial resistance.
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    Anxiety, Depression and Coping Strategies Among Adult Post Myocardial Infarction Patients
    ( 2014) Tamon, Ma. Siony B.
    This study was conducted to determine the level of anxiety and depression in patients with cardiovascular problems. This study was conducted (1) to determine the level of anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction (2) to determine relationship of anxiety on age, sex, gender, civil status, educational attainment and perceived social support (3) to determine relationship of depression on age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and perceived social support and (4) to determine the coping strategies information seeking or problem seeking among cardiac patients. This study utilized a descriptive correlational design. This was conducted at the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Philippine General Hospital over a 12 week or 3 month period. There was a total of 121 respondents (M= 51.02, SD= 8.52) for this study. Majority is from age groups of middle to late adult (35.5, 34.7). Both males and females have the same proportion (49.6, 50.4) and married predominated (80, 60.1) in this study. Less than a half (57, 47.1) were high school graduates. The perceived social support has a mean of 66.55 (SD= 3.43). The findings of this study showed that there is no significant relationship between anxiety on the following variables: age (r= - -0.10, p>.05 and perceived social support (MSS) (r= o.16, p>.05), civil status (x2=2.44,p>.05), educational attainment ((x2=1.65,p>.05) and perceived social support (r= 0.16, p>.05). Patients commonly incorporate venting of feelings and denial as their coping strategies. Adult post myocardial infarction patients had high level of anxiety which corresponded to previous literatures but the depression level was low among patients.
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    Arabica Coffee-Based Farming System Development and Utilization in Bansalan, Davao Del Sur: Diffusion of Innovations Perspective
    ( 2026) Carinan, Milva L.
    This study examined the adoption and diffusion of the Arabica coffee-based farming system among members of the Gagpang Alegre Potato Small Farmers Association (GAPSFA) in Bansalan, Davao del Sur, using the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) Theory (Rogers, 2003). A qualitative case study approach was applied, drawing on KIIs and FGDs with 12 farmer-adopters, interviews with the DA RFO XI research manager and personnel, and a document review, all of which were analyzed through pattern matching following Yin (2018). Findings indicated that relative advantage and observability were the primary drivers of technology adoption, as reflected in increased income, visible farm improvements, and strong peer influence. Compatibility with local agroecological conditions and cultural practices further supported uptake, while perceived complexity of adopting the technology was abated through extension support. Trialability, particularly via demonstration farms, minimized uncertainty and encouraged participation. Adoption outcomes were shaped by adoption contextual factors as enabling conditions, including access to available financing, strong extension services, high market demand, and institutional trust. Interpersonal channels, especially farmer- to-farmer interactions and associations, emerged as the most effective diffusion pathway. While adoption was sustained and widely diffused, financial and infrastructure constraints continued to limit full-scale implementation. The study concluded that effective agricultural technology diffusion depended on the alignment of innovation attributes, enabling adoption contexts, and appropriate diffusion mechanisms within a holistic, systems-based framework. It further highlighted the need to bridge the gap between research outputs and practical application through stronger knowledge-to-use systems and institutional support mechanisms. Accordingly, the study recommended strengthening access to financing, improving farm-to-market infrastructure, sustaining extension and technical support services, scaling demonstration-based learning platforms, leveraging farmer networks and associations, enhancing market systems and price transparency, integrating climate and risk management measures, and adopting value chain-oriented promotion strategies, grounding adoption interventions in economic evidence and farmer learning, and reinforcing Research for Development (R4D) linkages—including institutionalized technology readiness evaluation—to ensure that innovations are validated and prepared for wider commercialization and scaling.
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    ASEAN Member States' Natural Disaster Approach: A Discourse Analysis of AMS Speeches Performed in Intergovernmental Fora and Conferences
    ( 2022) Saludadez, Lorena Jean
    Multiple hazards intersect in the Southeast Asian region, making it extremely susceptible to natural disaster occurrences. Due to the significant loss of life, livelihood, and infrastructure ASEAN Member States (AMS) experience, Southeast Asia has been placed under careful scrutiny by the international community. Existing literature generally have a critical discourse on the region’s approach to natural disaster management. Although these criticisms are valid, they are devoid of the contextual realities faced by the region. Throughout the discussions, the “voice” of the AMS is muted. This research, therefore, is interested in uncovering this muted voice by emerging the AMS discourse in their natural disaster approach. This study answered the following questions: (1) How is natural disaster in the ASEAN region discursively constructed? and (2) What are the consequences or outcomes arising from the construction of “natural disaster” in the ASEAN region? In its analysis, this study utilized discourse analysis as operationalized by Gee (1999). Language and thoughts are inextricably intertwined. As such, examining discourse is one way of affecting and accessing social reality. Through analyzing AMS speeches performed in intergovernmental fora and conferences, this research uncovered three distinct themes in the AMS’ discourse on natural disaster, (1) Climate Change and Natural Disaster Events are Intertwined, (2) Southeast Asia as the Victim, and (3) the West as the Offender, and their corresponding consequences, (1) Southeast Asia sees the International Platform as a Space Where They Need to Lobby their Natural Disaster Experience, (2) Southeast Asia as a Constrained Actor in Dealing with Natural Disaster, and (3) Southeast Asia is Seeking Accountability from the West. The results of this study suggest the need for stronger consensus-building with the international community in seeking accountability from the West for the natural disaster challenges they have created.
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    ASEAN Women Cultural Workers in the Film and Theater Industry and Their Role in Addressing the Negative Societal Impacts of Traumatic Historic Events: The Case of Cambodia and Indonesia
    ( 2022) Sanijon, Trisha Janine Y.
    Southeast Asian societies are marked by traumatic histories: from the period of colonization, the brutal struggle for independence, the painful, nascent stages of nation-building, to oppressive dictatorships and murderous regimes. Even as these nation-states continue to forge ahead through these histories, the wounds from particularly painful episodes, such as mass killings and atrocities perpetrated by one’s own countrymen, continue to change the societies and citizenship in complex and profound ways This can manifest as intergenerational trauma, wherein the collective trauma that the society experienced remain unaddressed and is transmitted from one generation to the next. Artists and cultural workers play a key role in providing an avenue for deconstructing the histories of past political violence and restoring the severed social bonds from these events. The focus on women cultural workers is because women have played a central role in “preserving and passing on the traditions, languages, and (daily) practices from one generation to the next and in maintaining family and community relationships” (Card, 2003, p. 76). This is especially significant since traumatic events like genocide cause disruption or, in some cases, a major rupture in family and communal relations. Thus, the women cultural workers in Indonesia and Cambodia may play an important role in addressing the negative societal impacts of the Indonesian Anti Communist Purge (1965-66) and the Khmer Rouge genocide (1975-79).
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    ASEAN Youth Participation In ASEAN Heritage Tourism: A Symbolic Interactionism Study
    ( 2023) Chen, Annie Joy S.
    The youth’s point of view on heritage tourism is the starting point for promoting heritage protection and urges one another to be responsible and address the environmental issues. Significantly, their participation and involvement can strengthen heritage protection (Devianto et al., 2019) This study understands the view of ASEAN Youth participation in ASEAN Heritage Tourism using qualitative study through Symbolic Interactionism framework. Symbolic Interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals use signs or symbols to create shared meaning between themselves and others. The researcher conducted interviews with 6 ASEAN youths coming from Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia because the main focus is the youth’s experience in their respective ASEAN countries using semi-structured data where results were transcribed and coded for emerging themes. Three research questions guided this study: 1. What does heritage tourism mean to ASEAN youth; 2. What are the ASEAN youth's involvement and participation in heritage tourism; 3. What framework for heritage tourism in ASEAN can be proposed that is inclusive of youth’s involvement? For the youths visiting heritage sites is a means for “traveling", "knowing history" with a form of "appreciating architecture" and "educating oneself". The youths participated as active volunteers, advocates and aware of the impact of the ASEAN movement on society, regional development, and for future generations. This provides a balanced view of the youth’s contribution and participation to ASEAN heritage tourism and contributes to ASEANOLOGY in the use of sociological frameworks and methodology like Symbolic Interactionism.
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    ASEAN-Japan Security Cooperation: Specific Focus on Vietnam and Indonesia Cases
    ( 2024) Jeldi, Bahman
    The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has emerged as a significant, successful regional organization that aims to promote peace and stability in Southeast Asia since its formation on August 8, 1967 (Mahiwo, 2013). After the ASEAN Charter was adopted in 2007, "One Vision, One Identity, One Community" became the organization's official motto. This study examines the cases of Japan-Vietnam and Japan-Indonesia cooperation within the context of ASEAN’s security cooperation for the purpose of illustration. From the 1950s through the 1980s, Southeast Asians worried that Japan was attempting to dominate the region and saw Japan's defense capabilities as a sign of the resurgence of militarism. However, the majority of ASEAN countries today appear to support Japan's contributions to regional and global security. As a result, enhancing their strategic and security cooperation with Japan in the new period will be extremely beneficial to both the ASEAN and Japan (ASEAN Secretariat, 2019). Japan is particularly interested in enhancing security cooperation with ASEAN, and its strategy is multi-layered and multi dimensional, with its bilateral and multilateral engagements increasingly diversified. The overseeing of security cooperation between its members and with outside major powers, especially Japan, is the responsibility of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Japan is stepping up security cooperation with ASEAN and member countries to counter China’s behaviour. The literature on Japan and ASEAN also provides credence to the notion that Japan is becoming recognized for its objectives by other nations through cooperation with regional organizations and bilateral relations. It is further supported by original source documents from ASEAN, ASEAN forums, Indonesia, and Vietnam, all of which identify North Korean missile and nuclear activity as a source of instability in the region. This study emphasizes that due to the changing international balance of power, enhancing ASEAN-Japan collective security cooperation will safeguard their mutual benefits. Also, this study proposes that Japan is an ideal candidate for ASEAN to strengthen its security cooperation. Thus, it is essential to understand how Vietnam and Indonesia strengthen their security collaboration with Japan. This study attempts to find answers to three questions that are viewed from a qualitative perspective. How do Vietnam and Indonesia cooperate with Japan with respect to security matters? What, if any, factors shape the security mechanisms between Vietnam and Indonesia, and Japan? How may security cooperation between Vietnam and Indonesia, on the one hand, and Japan, on the other hand, be enhanced? The subject position in this study is qualitative in nature. This study collects and analyzes non-numerical data, including text, video, or audio, in order to better comprehend the research topic. As a result, the study utilizes qualitative and comparative analysis methodologies. These techniques enable us to identify specific characteristics by comparing similar and dissimilar features. The study collects data via desk review. The finding of this study is that security cooperation with Japan significantly enhances the security and economic growth of Indonesia and Vietnam and will also result in enhanced security and economic growth for the ASEAN member states.
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    Assessing Strategies for Retaining Internationally Trained Personnel at a Public Rice Research Center
    (University of the Philippines Open University, 2026) Malubag, Lei Anne D.
    Despite the high rate of returning international scholars at the National Grain Innovation Center (NGIC), a critical need remains to strengthen institutional retention strategies. Current frameworks exhibit significant gaps in design, execution and system necessitating a stronger approach to employee integration. Employing a qualitative (thematic analysis) and quantitative (descriptive analysis) methods, this study identified the reasons, challenges, and trends associated with scholar retention. Data were gathered through open-ended question interviews with 11 NGIC employees who completed international Master’s or Doctoral programs. Applying Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, the analysis revealed that while basic job stability prevented immediate dissatisfaction, it failed to generate active motivation. Fifty percent (50%) of respondents reported high satisfaction, citing strong motivators like professional recognition. However, 30% of participants demonstrated lower commitment, identifying a lack of career pathways as a primary turnover driver, while 20% cited failures in hygiene factors. In conclusion, high retention is concentrated among PhD-level employees with high intrinsic motivation and a sense of public duty. In contrast, Master’s-level graduates display conditional loyalty and remain vulnerable to external attrition. These findings indicate that NGIC’s current strategy succeeds only where individual mission-alignment already exists, highlighting a need for structural job enrichment to retain the broader scholar population.
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    Assessing the Growth and Redistributive Impacts of Fiscal Policy Toward an Inclusive ASEAN, 2000-2020
    ( 2022) Consigna, Joshua Bonne
    The goal of attaining a people-centered and people-oriented community is a key priority for ASEAN. The association characterized this community as a caring and sharing society that pursues growth in a vertical and horizontal manner–one which not only strives for increased national income but also alleviates socio economic problems faced by many ASEAN peoples today. As with any socio-economic intervention, the first step to reinforcing ASEAN’s capacity in attaining such a goal is understanding how its current strategies are faring. There should be data-backed benchmarks on which performance can be measured especially amid revenue-related concerns that ASEAN member countries face to date. Considering these fiscal-related issues and the ability of fiscal policy to achieve inclusive growth, the study developed econometric models to assess the impact of fiscal policy, specifically taxes and spending, on growth and income redistribution in selected ASEAN member countries. Consequently, given the seeming dearth of related literature on ASEAN, the study also provides insights into ASEAN's experience in the field of fiscal policy. Findings indicate that ASEAN is lagging in its goal of attaining a people-centered and people oriented community in terms of the member states’ implementation of taxes and spending. Data suggests that ASEAN's progress is one-sided in support of economic growth and that ASEAN member countries have not been leveraging their fiscal policies in achieving inclusive growth.
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    Assessing the Spiritual Well-Being of Filipino Cancer Patients: A Nursing Perspective
    ( 2018) Tupas, Alyssa Jenny E.
    Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. It is a serious disease that can result in not just physical and psychosocial difficulties but also spiritual distress. Knowing Filipinos have a high reverence to God, this can affect their health-related behavior and responses to illness like cancer. This study aimed to assess the spiritual well-being of Filipino adult cancer patients ages nineteen (19) to sixty (60) years old in a tertiary hospital. The objectives were: to determine the spiritual well-being of the patients (as measured by the Ideal and Personal states of Spiritual well-being and presence of Spiritual Dissonance); to determine the relationship between the spiritual well-being of the patients and the patient factors, and to describe the spiritual well-being experiences of the patients. A descriptive correlational research was used. The results showed that the patients had the highest spiritual well-being in the Transcendental Domain which describes one’s relationship with God. Seven (7) out of the ninety (90) participants had spiritual dissonance which made them at possible risk for spiritual distress. Age, the type of cancer, and the treatment received had significant relationship with the patient’s spiritual well-being. Triangulation of qualitative data based on the patients’ response of the HOPE Questions was also done. Themes identified were “love of God, family, and friends”, “community affinity”, “fidelity to prayer”, “test of Faith”, and “empathy”. In conclusion, Filipino adult cancer patients have high spiritual well-being despite the cancer burden. Havin this illness was a test of faith in which time had been an important component. At first, the patients experienced doubts their spiritual beliefs but eventually, with the acceptance of the illness comes a stronger faith in God. God, family, and friends had been their main source of strength, motivation, and hope. The religious community of the patients also helped develop the patient’s spiritual well-being through prayer and other spiritual acts, and by providing support to the patients. In the presence of cancer where the body and mind go weak, the cancer patients rely on the spirit to pull him or her through. This is where nursing plays an important role. The therapeutic interpersonal process between a nurse and a patient can help the patient develop aspects of life that he or she deems important in his or her spiritual health. Nurses can provide spiritual care to the cancer patients by identifying their spiritual needs, praying with them, allowing them to practice their spiritual beliefs, and by empathizing with them.