Faculty of Management and Development Studies

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    A Case Analysis of the Bungkalan Practice in an Upland Community From the Perspective of Agroecology Movement
    ( 2023-03-20) Alonzo, Lia Mai T.
    The farmers have the highest poverty incidence among all sectors in the Philippines. They have also been greatly affected be the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the farmers of Lupang Ramos in Dasmariñas City, Cavite were able to get through the two years under the pandemic with enough food supply for their community. They point to agroecology as a social movement as the key factor. However, their community is still facing a decades-old land dispute which has threatened their access to land where they live and farm. The study therefore aims to analyze how the farmers in Lupang Ramos used agroecology to address the issues faced by their community. Particularly, it aims to describe issues on land tenure and food production, and the current agroecology practices being used by the local organization in the bungkalan (communal farm system) to bring about positive change while focusing on agroecology as a social movement. The study was a descriptive research, particularly a case study, which gathered data using key informant interviews and documents review. The results showed that the farmers are still facing threats of eviction with the distribution of Certificate of Land Ownership Awards still and the National Grid Corporation Project still pending. Also, there were three aspects of agroecology as a social movement that was harnessed by the farmers through the bungkalan campaign of their organization Katipunan ng mga Lehitimong Magsasaka at Mamamayan sa Lupang Ramos (KASAMA-LR), the transformation of dominant agricultural systems through organic farming, focus on food producers issues and rights through legal and other forms of mobilizations to assert their right to land and farm inputs, and collective action through the mobilization of their community and external organizations and institutions. With this, it can be concluded that the bungkalan campaign embodied agroecology as a social movement which resulted in the increase of food production and access to land. It is recommended that a quantitative study on the improvement of food production after the bungkalan be conducted as well as the other aspects of agroecology to deepen the understanding of this field and help improve the situation of other farmers. Keywords: agroecology, social movement, sustainable agriculture, collective action
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    A Comparative Assessment Of Philippine And Vietnam Strategies In The South China Sea Conflict Management
    ( 2023-11-14) Laguerta, Rex Marion C.
    This study examines the interactions of intra-Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) actors, their strategies, and actions, and offers a conceptual framework to explain current attempts at territorial contestation in the South China Sea (SCS). The conceptual framework attempts to apply a multidimensional management framework to the SCS claims by ASEAN and China. Vietnam has effectively used the multidimensional management framework in its strategies in the SCS and offers valuable lessons to other ASEAN co-claimants, including the Philippines. The strategies of both Vietnam and the Philippines manifest state-to-state channels of interaction. The correspondence between Vietnam’s strategy to the rest of the ASEAN member states indicates the deployment of supra-state-to-state level of interactions. Positive and negative factors interact in the ASEAN Way of Conflict Management as shown by the Vietnamese experience. It is imperative for the ASEAN to strengthen its dispute settlement mechanisms while strengthening the rules-based order based on member states’ interests. An in-depth comparison of Philippine and Vietnamese SCS strategies has shown a strong basis for cooperation in harnessing the SCS energy and marine resources. In 2016, the arbitral tribunal adjudicating the Philippines' case against China in the SCS ruled overwhelmingly in favor of the Philippines. In contrast, Vietnam used hedging tactics. These actions indicate a diversity in strategies for smaller countries such as Vietnam and the Philippines to counterbalance pressure from big countries. Future studies should be able to fine-tune the use of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the impact of SCS strategies on possible concerted synergized actions. Joint strategies should strengthen and mutually reinforce naval defense capabilities or management of fisheries and marine resources. These potential areas of cooperation based on mutual interest are barely addressed in the literature. The Philippines can develop a more robust strategy and management framework to support the independent foreign policy articulated by the Philippine administrations. The Philippine SCS strategy should be able to protect and assert its sovereignty and national interest, over and beyond the pressures of Sino-American bipolarism.
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    A Comparative Study on the Management of Marine Protected Areas Between the Philippines and United Arab Emirates (UAE)
    ( 2009-12-15) Sumastre-De Los Santos, Nenita F.
    This special problem sought to compare how MPAs are being managed in the two states which are geographically apart and politically and culturally different. The comparative study focused on the Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park (TRNMP) for the Philippines and the Marawah MPA for United Arab Emirates (UAE). Both MPAs were assessed in terms of their biophysical attributes to include the biodiversity resources and how they are managed. The study relied on secondary data gathered especially in the case of Tubbataha. In Marawah, secondary and primary data were collected. In the comparative analysis, both the effectiveness and inefficiencies of MPAs in the Philippines and UAE's were evaluated. Lessons gained in implementing MPAs were also assessed. The basis for comparison included policy and institutional arrangement, enforcement measures and research and development activities. Broad comparative features between the two sites were presented. Tubbataha Reef Natural Marine Park, is a pair of true coral atoll formations in the Philippines situated at the very center of Sulu Sea. Its unique coral formations are the major reasons why it was declared as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. Meanwhile, the Marawah MPA covering an area of about 425,500 hectares was established in 2001 and boasts of its rich coastal and marine resources including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves. The MPA hosts 60 percent of the world's dugong population. It is also an important habitat for the critically endangered Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the endangered Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). About 5 percent of the world's population of the vulnerable Socotra cormorant (Phalacrocorax nigrogularis) use Marawah MPA as their nestling site. In 2007, the Marawah MPA was declared as UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The strength of Tubbataha's management lies in four contributory factors which proved to be critical to its management success namely: (1) investment in systems, (2) information backed by hard science; (3) stakeholder involvement and commitment and (4) resilience. For Marawah, its financial sustainability was the major contributory factor to its success. Unlike in UAE, a number of national legislations, specific administrative orders and local directives govern TRNMP. Although the legal basis of Marawah's operations management is based on the number of federal laws related to the marine and coastal environment including regional and global environmental agreements, underwent a series of development to be implemented. This study recommends that collaboration among various stakeholders should be continued. Integration of community participation, environmental education, economic incentives, and long term institutional support from government, NGO and academe offers a good formula for an MPA to succeed as exemplified by Tubbataha. To ensure sustainability, financial stability needs to be assured. Periodic monitoring of resources should be conducted to determine the changes through time of various marine resources to support an appropriate management scheme for the MPA.
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    A Culturally-Congruent Sexuality Education Content for Adolescents in Legazpi City
    ( 2012) Mirandilla, Ma. Elma L.
    This study generated age-appropriate, culturally congruent sexuality education content for adolescents 10-18 years old. It identified topics for each key concept designed for age categories: 10-12, 13-15 and 16-18 years old. The proposed sexuality education content was based on the consensus among teachers through three rounds of Delphi Technique using UNESCO’s International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education. The consensus on key ideas and topics was supported by significant perceptions of local experts gathered through one-on-one interviews. The research was conducted in Legazpi City. All six key concepts and topics of the Technical Guidance were found acceptable across all age categories except for several key ideas. The key concepts include: Relationships; Values, Attitudes and Skills; Culture, Society and Human Rights; Human Development; Sexual Behavior; and Sexual and Reproductive Health. Probable reasons for excluding some key ideas under various key concepts may be ascribed to the attitudes of adults specifically, prohibitive silence and adultism. Teachers and key informants in this study believed that children were too young to understand and that providing them information will provoke curiosity and entice them to engage in sexual activity. Pursuing a culturally-sound and age-appropriate sexuality education content is indispensable at this time of globalization when adolescents are drawn close to reproductive health risks primarily due to their lack of information on their sexuality. Thus, an appropriate and comprehensive sexuality education program is a significant preventive strategy.
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    A Descriptive-Correlational Study of Health Literacy among Urban Poor Settlers with Hypertension
    ( 2023-12-11) Martinez, Rammell Eric C. ; Oruga, Myra D. ; Bonito, Sheila R. ; Castillo, Eleanor C. ; Guevarra, Jonathan P.
    Hypertension is a global killer. Although it affects older people, some studies have implied that hypertension affects even youth and children (Joubert et al., 2021; Jones et al., 2020; Kandala et al., 2021). Non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors contribute to hypertension. Most of the time, those in the low-income class are more at risk of getting the disease due to an unhealthy lifestyle and socio-ecological exposure. In addition, studies suggest that health literacy is associated with hypertension. The research will discover the association between health literacy and other factors influencing poor urban settlers with hypertension. A descriptive-correlational study design was employed. The research setting was an urban poor community with the possibility of a high prevalence of hypertension. Purposive sampling, typical case sampling, and maximum variation sampling were employed. A survey questionnaire was utilized to capture the prevalence of hypertension, socio-demographic, and health literacy data. The data were analyzed according to the research objectives, utilizing frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, and measures of association. The UPOU-FMDS and UPOU-IREC approved the research after the thesis panel had reviewed it. A total of 151 participants were included in the study. Most were female, and the median age was 62 years old. More significant risks were seen among individuals 60 and older with low educational status and employed individuals with HPN and low health literacy. The risk of hypertension is lower for individuals with high health literacy. Health literacy research is becoming more popular in the public health and social science communities. The study proves that health literacy and hypertension are correlated. Low health literacy is a risk factor, and those with high health literacy can manage their health; thus, they have a low risk of hypertension. Preventing hypertension in urban poor settings needs an integrated approach model in the continuum of health promotion, prevention, and primary care.
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    A Qualitative Analysis on Ecological Solid Waste Management within Brgy. Alicia, Quezon City Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic
    ( 2023) Holgado, Cherry Winsom F.
    COVID – 19 pandemic has altered the lives of the people across the globe. Due to lockdowns and social distancing, the delivery of basic urban services was disrupted, including the disposal of solid wastes. As such, this research is conducted to: (1) Conduct comparative analysis on the solid wastes generated before and during the COVID-19 pandemic within Brgy. Alicia, Quezon City; (2) Identify the good practices being implemented at the barangay level; (3) Assess the possible gaps of the policies at the barangay/local level related to proper solid waste management in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; and (4) Formulate the recommendations for the effective waste management in Brgy. Alicia, Quezon City. The data gathered through interviews, fieldwork, and observations were analyzed and this study has found that an effective and efficient solid waste management is not only centered on technological advancements but also institutional, economic, environmental, and socio-cultural linkages to allow the whole system to work. Further, acknowledging the informal economy is a significant step towards the formation of a localized solid waste management policy in which the concerned stakeholders are highly participating. This interaction will create a purposeful dialogue among them to catalyze inclusive solid waste management and improve the lives and livelihoods of those that are involved during the post-COVID period. Lastly, issues in relation to waste management is linked to the people’s way of living that evolves through time and the continuous search for a better life. Solving waste management problems do not only cover environmental concerns but also economical, social, and behavioral concerns.
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    Achieving Ecological Sustainability Through A Geospatial Assessment of Urban Landscapes: A Case Study of Metro Manila
    ( 2023-01-23) Paredes, Ulysses Nolan C.
    The compact city model has been an accepted alternative to urban sprawl. However, the densification of cities has led to a loss of urban green spaces, which provide important ecosystem services such as health benefits, climate regulation, and recreation opportunities. This study focuses on the dynamics of landscape change in Metro Manila from 1992 to 2022, using spatiotemporal analysis and remote sensing technology. The study found that there is an overall loss of urban green spaces in Metro Manila, with 77.69% of the city being composed of impervious land cover and 16.15% being pervious cover with urban greens and vegetation, and 4.27% is water. Much of the undisturbed vegetation are within the region’s protected landscapes and private parks and golf courses. Environmental variables such as NDVI show a decrease (-0.03) in the average vegetation health and an increase in the average land surface temperature (+1.60°C) highlighting the urban heat island. The study presents how a low-cost rapid assessment of urban green spaces in Metro Manila can be achieved to identify and map changes in the landscape, understand the drivers of change, and introduce appropriate interventions and management paradigms to enhance the city's resilience in the face of climate change. It is essential to have objective environmental assessment and territorial planning and decision-making stages to consider the needs of the landscape and improve the quality and quantity of urban green spaces.
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    All Hands on Deck: The Roles of the Philippine Navy on Environmental Security The Case of the Tubbataha Reef Natural Parks
    ( 2015) Pascua, Arturo S. Jr.
    Philippine Navy installations are strategically located all over the country, and are oftentimes the only authority figure in the area. Hence, this puts them in a position to help out in the protection of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Last January 17, 2013, the Tubbataha Reef Natural Park (TRNP) was devastated with the grounding of the USS Guardian, a United States Navy Minesweeper vessel. Nearly three months after the said incident, F/V Ming Long Yu, a Chinese fishing vessel got stuck on the North Atoll on April 8, 3013. These devastations reflect a breach of the legal framework for the establishment and management of protected areas in our country by virtue of Republic Act 7586 otherwise known as the National Integrated Protected System (NIPAS) Act of 1992. The composite law enforcement team in the TRNP is composed of four personnel from the Philippine Navy, two from the Philippine Coast Guard, and two from the Tubbataha Management Office. The MPR enforces the TRNP Act in the park and make up the first line of authority. This qualitative research aims to determine the roles of the Philippine Navy (PN) in the protection of MPAs, particularly the case of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP), in terms of compliance and enforcement activities. This is anchored on the principle of environmental security, which is concerned with relative safety from environmental change caused by natural or human processes due to ignorance, accident, mismanagement or design and originating within or across national borders (Ullman, 1983). This is one of the six branches of non-traditional national security threats together with International Terrorism, Trans-national Organized Crime, Illegal Migration, Energy Security, and Human Security. It is a fact that at present, there had been several violations that have occurred in the waters of TRNP, and it is the major concern of this study to find out the roles played by the Philippine Navy in serving as vanguard of the environment on the extent of enforcement and compliance to the law. A series of interviews were conducted to determine the roles of the Philippine Navy in the protection of the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. Different stakeholders were selected as key informants. Results showed that environmental law enforcement has always been part and parcel of their duties and responsibilities and that the Philippine Navy has always been a partner in the management of the TRNP since its conception. But it does not mean that the Philippine Navy cannot offer more and it would be a mistake if the full potential of the Navy would not be utilized in the protection of the TRNP. Civil-Military Operations (CMO) is one of the core competencies of the Philippine Navy and is usually conducted as part of reaching out to communities to gain their support and minimize interference in the conduct of their mission. Conducting frequent CMO, purposely to educate (Information, Education, Communication) the local populace on environmental protection would be a good contribution for the management/conservation effort. For the compliance and enforcement effort, the Philippine Navy could help by conducting more frequent patrols in the vicinity of the Park with close coordination with the TMO, Local Government Unit, or the People’s Organizations in the area since their mere presence in the area had already been a deterrent on illegal activities.
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    An Analysis of Personal and Institutional Factors Affecting the Research Productivity of General Surgery Training Programs in the Philippines
    ( 2024) Lim, Ida Marie T.
    Research as an essential part of surgical training and healthcare systems has helped shape health policies and contributed to the overall improvement of health outcomes and the quality of healthcare. Although research has been required in surgical training programs which are unique R&D organizations and potential collaborators in the nation’s strategic STI framework, there is a general perception that research productivity has not been fully optimized with very few research getting to be published and utilized. The surgical training programs’ knowledge of facilitators and barriers to research productivity can help implement measures to motivate the institutions and their trainees to engage in relevant research which can contribute to the Philippine Development Plan (2023-2028). In line with the Philippine Development Plan, and in support of Pagtanaw 2050, this study seeks to determine personal and institutional factors which promote research productivity among General Surgery trainees as an initial step towards improving R&D within the surgical community.
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    An Assessment of Nurse-Patient Communication in a Tertiary Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain
    ( 2018) Rodriguez, Smitha Shalet
    Title: An Assessment of the Nurse-Patient Communication in a Tertiary Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain Introduction: An integral part of nursing care is effective communication. It improves the relationship between the nurse and the patient, and it results in better treatment and improved quality of care (Tay, Ang, & Hegney, 2012). Every aspect of communication is influenced by the differences in culture. Cultural competence gives an opportunity for the healthcare professionals to know the different cultural beliefs related to health and to incorporate awareness into diagnosis and treatment planning. Data Collection: The descriptive correlational study was conducted in medical and surgical in-patient units of King Hamad University Hospital, Kingdom of Bahrain in 2018. The questionnaire consists of two parts: a demographic profile and the Self-Administered Communication Survey. The factors affecting nurse patient communication were categorized into Common barriers, Nurse-related barriers, Patient-related barriers and Environmental barriers. A total of 78 nurses and 75 patients took part in the study. Results: The main barriers to the nurse-patient communication from the nurses’ point of view were cultural differences between nurse and patient, differences between the language of the nurse and the patient, nurses’ lack of time and opportunity to communicate well with the patients, patients’ negative attitude towards the nurse, presence of patient’s companion, and presence of a very sick patient in the department. The main barriers to nurse-patient communication from the patient’s perspective were age difference between nurse and patient, interference of the patient’s companions, busy environment of the unit, and inappropriate environmental conditions (lack of proper ventilation, fluctuating temperature, inadequate lighting, unpleasant odor, etc.). Conclusion: Analysis of the factors influencing the communication is the basic step in resolving communications issues between nurses and patients. A good solution to be communication problems cannot be established without taking into consideration both the patients’ and nurses’ views of communication. Understanding and accepting the Islamic values and beliefs are essential in communicating and delivering care for Muslim patients. Development of broader knowledge of Arabic culture is important for all health care professionals who deliver care in the Middle Eastern on Arabic region. Recommendations: The study recommends development of effective nurse-patient communication protocols and policies in the hospital and establishment of Arabic language and communication skills training for nurses.
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    An Assessment of Plant Diversity and Conservation Status in the Province of Batangas
    ( 2014) Diona, Senda Z.
    The objective of this study was to assess the plant diversity and conservation status in the province of Batangas. The study found 751 plant species classified into 139 families in the province of Batangas. The most number of species belong to family Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Meliaceae, Graminea, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and the Lamiaceae. There were 55 threatened species (12 critically endangered, 11 endangered, 32 vulnerable) in the Batangas province. The main threats to biodiversity conservation and its underlying causes were identified as well as conservation strategies and recommendations. Mt. Banoy and the Municipality of Lobo were strongly recommended to be declared as protected area based on the result of this study. It was also recommended to have continuous research to get the total assessment of the conservation status of the province.
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    An Assessment of the Coverage, Boosters and Barriers of the Out-patient Therapeutic Care for Severe Acute Malnutrition in Albay Province, Philippines
    ( 2021) Calleja, Arlene P.
    Background: Severe acute malnutrition prevents a child from developing normally and increases mortality risk. It remains to be a major global health problem in children under 5 years of age. The community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) is a nutrition intervention aimed at the early diagnosis and management of these children at the community level through the provision of therapeutic foods coupled with facility-based management for those with medical complications. In 2015, the Philippine Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (PIMAM) program was established to manage acute malnutrition in Filipino children of less than 5 years of age. Evaluating coverage which is one of the important indicators of CMAM program performance as well as identifying its boosters and barriers were imperative. The study aimed to assess the coverage, boosters, and barriers of the PIMAM Out-patient Therapeutic Care (OTC) in the province of Albay, Philippines. Methods: This is a mixed method explanatory sequential research design adopting the Semi-Quantitative Evaluation of Access and Coverage (SQUEAC) tool. Accrual period was from January 2019 to present. Collection and analysis of quantitative routine program data from all the cities and municipalities of Albay followed by qualitative data collection through community assessment, key-informant interviews, informal group discussions and directly observing OTC processes were done. A small area survey to validate hypotheses regarding areas with high or low coverage was subsequently conducted. Results: Analyses of secondary routine program data showed that only two out of the 18 cities and municipalities in Albay had complete program data where Municipality C had high coverage and Municipality K had low coverage in 2019. Qualitative methods identified the main boosters to program coverage which include (1) support from the Local Government Unit and the Municipal Health Officer; (2) presence of a well-trained OTC personnel; (3) OTC services are made available at the barangay level; (4) provision of door- to-door screening, follow-up and dispensing of nutrition commodity; (5) community health workers’ willingness to learn and be trained; (6) supervision of the community health workers by the OTC personnel; (7) presence of community mobilization practices; (8) support of the barangay council; (9) acute malnutrition is not stigmatized; and (10) caregivers’ awareness and acceptance of the PIMAM program. Barriers on the other hand appeared to be more significant which include (1) limited budget from the Local Government Unit; (2) Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) stockouts; (3) inadequate number of trained OTC personnel; (4) gaps in anthropometric measurements; (5) insufficient community mobilization; (6) community health workers’ lack of knowledge and training on PIMAM; (7) community’s lack of knowledge on malnutrition and the PIMAM; (8) caregivers’ laziness and indifference on their child’s condition; (9) RUTF feeding difficulties; and (10) COVID-19 pandemic stopped community mobilization and OTC admissions. The small area survey results showed low coverage in both near and far barangays in Municipality C. Conclusions and Recommendations: The study was able to present the level of PIMAM implementation in the different municipalities in Albay and was able to evaluate program data completeness and accuracy. Boosters can be considered as groundworks where opportunities to strengthen program access coverage rest. Barriers which validate coverage failure shall be addressed such that bridging gaps and augmenting inadequacies, together with adaptations to program protocols must be prioritized for an effective program implementation. The unavailability of RUTF and the COVID-19 pandemic could have explained the low coverage in both near and far barangays in Municipality C in the small area survey. The study therefore recommends the following: (1) provide measures to improve program data quality; (2) strengthen ownership of the PIMAM program by the Local Government Unit; (3) increase the number of PIMAM-trained personnel; (4) intensify OTC services at the barangay level together with the training of the community health workers on PIMAM; (5) increase the number and quality of community mobilization activities; (6) address shortage of RUTF; (7) consider program adaptations to PIMAM implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (8) more research on the evaluation of the PIMAM in other regions of the country.
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    An Assessment of the Implementation of the ASEAN Cosmetic Product Notification Scheme: Focus on the Philippines
    ( 2018) Olivar, Vanessa O
    Cosmetics as a consumer good is gaining an importance in the lifestyles of Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) consumers. The experience of competition in ASEAN cosmetics has given impetus to contribute to the promotion of regional economic integration. The aim of the study is to assess the benefits, outcome and impact of the regulatory scheme agreed by the ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and Quality-Cosmetic Product Working Group (ACCSQ-CPWG). The ASEAN Economic Ministers signed the Agreement on the ASEAN Harmonized Cosmetic Regulatory Scheme (AHCRS) at the 35th ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting in Cambodia in September 2003. The objective of the ASEAN Cosmetic Directive (ACD) is to provide the framework for the harmonization and mutual recognition of the Standard, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment Procedures (STRACAP), to eliminate unnecessary Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Through a questionnaire survey of key cosmetics industry players in the Philippines, the study generated primary data to analyze the impact of the ACD. The study also collected secondary data and information to support the analysis. The study obtained copies of relevant Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issuances, reports, slide presentations, and visited related websites on cosmetics. Library research was done to collect copies of ASEAN Secretariat Reports and minutes of the ASEAN Cosmetic Committee (ACC) meetings, standard source of industry information such as Euromonitor international. The study was supplemented by emails, non-structured interviews and communications with past and current delegates to ACCSQ-CPWG and/or ACCSQ-ACC. The respondents in the survey confirmed significant milestones and accomplishments, benefits and impact after 10 years of implementing the cosmetic online Product Notification (PN, the e-Notification, by the Philippine FDA and the rest of the ASEAN Member State (AMS) National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs). The study has the following conclusions: a) The ACCSQ-CPWG successfully designed the ACD PN scheme to eliminate TBT. b) ASEAN member countries through their respective NRAs have established online PN systems, which increased efficiency in processing time. The Philippine FDA instituted the most efficient e-Notification system in ASEAN. c) The cosmetic industry sector was instrumental in ensuring ASEAN regulatory harmonization. d) The cosmetic industry significantly benefited in terms of ease of doing business in the region and accessing the international market, advancing globalization. e) Up to this time, cosmetics is one of the most developed and earliest among the successfully regulated industry in ASEAN, showcasing the benefits and advantages of harmonization of standards, procedures and regulatory mechanisms in ASEAN. f) Consumers are the ultimate recipient of the benefits and advantages of the ACD PN System. g) ASEAN harmonization of STRACAP is possible when the public and private sectors cooperate and collaborate to ensure that free trade is sustainable in the region. h) Trade data and trends point towards sustained growth and development of the cosmetic industry sector and the ASEAN market. By ensuring participation of the NRAs, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)-ACCSQ accomplished not only an increase in ASEAN trade in cosmetics, but also established a greater degree of assurance of consumer safety and welfare. The study is recommending key points towards a proposed strategic action plan to further promote and achieve a Single Regulatory Regime for ASEAN on cosmetics. The proposed action plan will further sustain the initial gains during the 10 years of implementing the ACD PN.
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    An Assessment of the Influence of Forest Management Agreements, Log Production, Provincial Income Class, And Slope on Philippine Forest Change From 2000 To 2021
    ( 2023-05-19) Cameña, Keith, D.
    This study discusses the impact of four variables on stable forests, forest loss, forest gain, and forest disturbance. It used multiple regression analysis to predict the forest change based on (1) the land area covered by Integrated Forest Management Agreements in 2010, (2) log production in 2010, (3) provincial income class, and (4) the share of land area over 18 percent slope. The results showed that only two variables, provincial income class and share of land area over an 18 percent slope, significantly impacted the prediction of stable forests. Additionally, only one variable significantly impacted the prediction of forest loss, and only one variable impacted the prediction of forest gain. Two variables significantly impacted the prediction of forest disturbance. Overall, the study provides insights into the factors that affect forest change in the Philippines and the importance of considering multiple variables when analyzing the impact of human activities on forests. The findings can inform policymakers and stakeholders in deciding on forest management and conservation in the country.
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    An Assessment of the Solid Waste Management Practices in the Upland Communities of Cebu City
    ( 2022) Prieto, Esa Ione S.
    Cebu City, a highly urbanized city in the Philippines, has portions of its boundaries being part of one of the highly significant landscapes in the Philippines, the Cebu Central Protected Landscape (CCPL). Because the city has limited flatlands, developments are encroaching vertically on the uplands. The uplands could be threatened with solid waste issues, which could harm the CCPL. The Philippines has RA 9003 in response to these issues. An assessment of the current waste management practices of residential and commercial areas in the uplands was done to check if the upland communities abide by the provisions of RA 9003. The assessment became a basis for formulating strategies to reduce waste. Information was collected through questionnaires and interviews through convenience sampling. Due to convenience sampling, the study can serve as a pilot on solid waste management studies in Philippine uplands. Overall, the residential and commercial sector respondents have shown outstanding efforts in treating solid waste through proper segregation and employing other waste reduction techniques like composting.  However, initiatives at the barangay level need improvement.
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    An Evaluation of the Community-Based Forest Management Project in Catubig, Northern Samar Using Criteria and Indicators
    ( 2005) Sarmiento, Camila C.
    This study assessed the accomplishments of the Catubig Watershed Rehabilitation Subproject in Catubig, Northern Samar in terms of the bio-physical or resource use development, socio-economic and institutional development using relevant criteria and indicators modified from the DENR Memorandum Circular 2001-04. A combination of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations through field visits of sample plantations, and review of project documents and other related literatures were used in gathering data. Results of the study showed that the people's organizations, in partnership with DENR were able to reforest and develop a total of 2433.95 ha of formerly logged-over and degraded area. Of the total reforested, 48.81% is in Catubig and 51.19% is in Las Navas. Only three (3) forest species were adopted in reforestation, namely: toog (Combretodendron quadrialatum), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) with toog being the most dominant forest tree species. Survival rates of planted species in both reforestation and agroforestry were high with mahogany as the best performing among forest tree species while abaca as the most potential among agroforest tree species. Difference in the growth of forest tree species in Catubig and Las Navas was attributed to the varying age of planting stocks during establishment. For, agroforest tree crops, on the other hand, the difference was attributed to varying soil fertility in plantation sites and the degree of care and maintenance. Project participants benefited from the CBFM project through increased income derived largely from the different CSD activities during the peak of the Catubig subproject implementation. The communities covered by the Catubig subproject likewise benefited from the CBFM project through various support facilities and services extended by the people's organizations (CAPWA and HIREDERA) and the Catubig Subproject. Both CAPWA and HIREDERA, as people's organizations were capable of sustaining the CBFM area management. Using the DENR modified criteria and indicators, the Catubig subproject have successfully rehabilitated and developed the CBFM area management. Using the DENR modifies criteria and indicators, the Catubig subproject has successfully rehabilitated and developed the CBFM area, benefited the participating households and communities, and enhanced the capability of CAPWA and HIREDERA to manage a sustainable basis the CBFM area awarded them.
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    An Evaluation of the Reforestation Project in Basilisa, Dinagat Island, Surigao del Norte.
    ( 2005) Digal, Ian Cantero
    The study was conducted to (1) describe the physical characteristics of the Basilisa Reforestation Project; and (2) assess the performance of the planted species in terms of survival and early growth. The project's land area was delineated using Global Positioning System (GPS) and its hectarage was computed with the aid of Geographic Information System (GIS). A full (100%) accounting of 5-year old planted species was conducted. The trees were measured in terms of diameter and total height. Soil samples were randomly collected at the site for textural and chemical analyses and soil depth was determined by soil profiling. Secondary data on rainfall and temperature and published literature on the species' site requirements were gathered from different agencies and sources. Actual site conditions were compared to the seedling's physical requirements to attest to the site's suitability. About 1,075 trees of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), mangium (Acacia mangium) and narra (Pterocarpus indicus) were accounted for a survival rate of only 24%. About 88% of the accounted trees were species of mahogany. Mangium had the highest survival rate of 28%. The lack of maintenance, the incidence of fire, and a series of landslides were among the major reasons for the high mortality rate of the planted seedlings. Mangium had the biggest diameter and highest height among the planted seedlings. Its diameter and total height ranged from 5 cm – 23 cm and 4m – 14 m, respectively. Mahogany had an average diameter of 3.77 cm and an average total height of 2.82 m, while narra had an average diameter 3.71 cm and total height of 3.04 m. Narra seedlings were intercropped in between rows of mahogany while seedlings of mangium were planted in clusters. Open spaces measured a total of 1,080.12 square meters. In general, the physical characteristics of the site favored the growth of mahogany, mangium, and narra seedling. However, the soil in the area was inadequate for the optimal growth of the seedlings. Moreover, the project was a failure due to the non-completion of its proposed area and the absence of appropriate silvicultural management practices.
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    An Ode to Unheralded Heroism: The Volunteer Nurses’ Experiences in the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan
    ( 2016) Ballecer, Jasper Joseph C.
    Disaster events are extraordinary healthcare practice settings. Healthcare provision in these scenarios require extensive competencies and adaptability from healthcare workers. Involvement in these efforts have increased, as supranational initiatives in disaster response has caused the influx of volunteer disaster healthcare workers. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of volunteer disaster nurses in the aftermath of typhoon Haiyan using Colaizzi's (1978) Model to gain an understanding on the experience. Nine volunteer nurses who served immediately after the typhoon hit the central Philippines in late 2013. with each representing specific fields of specialty within nursing practice, were selected purposively as participants. The study's findings yielded five themes: Motivation, Realities of the Volunteer Disaster Nurse Experience, Coping while Caring, Leaving a Mark, and A Journey towards Self-discovery. Motivation was the source of the decision to help. It was also the driving force for volunteers to go through the obstacles and cope effectively. Once this has been successfully achieved, the nurses gained learnings and reflections both as human beings and as health professionals which in turn, renewed their altruism. These findings can be used by healthcare workers. educators, and health policy-makers on the practical side to promote the well-being of disaster healthcare workers by being more cognizant to their problems, challenges, and motivations. The study's findings can also be a jumping point for more in-depth inquiries and/or investigations in other disaster settings.
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    Analysis of Gender Portrayal in UP Open University Social Media Sites
    ( 2018) Serrano, Joane ; Petrasanta, Lovelyn ; Cañas-Llamas, Anna
    The UP Open University (UPOU) social media sites with about 40,000 followers accross its social media pages is assumed to have a significant role in disseminating information and knowledge for most of its learners both local and offshore. According to The Statistics Portal (statista.com), the number of social media users around the globe is estimated to increase from 2.46 billion in 2017 to 2.77 billion in 2019. Three (3) of four (4) internet users use social media, with women (76%) using social networking sites more than men (72%). This study aims to examine the portrayal and representation of women and men in the graphics and videos posted across UPOU social media sites: Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. This study will make use of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as its theoretical and analytic framework. The study will make use of the Gender-Sensitive Indicators for Media (GSIM) by UNESCO (2012) as the analytical tool in analyzing gender portrayal and representation in UPOU social media posts.
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    Analysis of problems Affecting the Biñan River System in Laguna
    ( 2006) Castillo, Judith F.
    The study aimed to evaluate problems prevailing in the Biñan Micro-watershed's further degradation. Review and assessment of available documents combined with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were undertaken in order to identify issues and problems. Planning tools such as Problem Tree, Solution Tree and Strategy Analysis were all used to analyze the problems and formulate possible strategies. Results revealed that the deteriorating quality of water in the Biñan Micro-watershed. Siltation/sedimentation, pollution and rapid increase in population were all regarded as the major contributing factors to the deteriorating quality of the river. Three (3) strategies which include integrated waste management, soil and water conservation strategy and advocacy were identified to help arrest the deteriorating quality of Biñan River system.