Faculty of Management and Development Studies

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    Gender Fairness of UPOU-Produced Open Educational Resources
    ( 2018) Serrano, Joane ; Gelisan, Luisa ; Gonzales, Eubelle
    In support of the Magna Carta of Women and to further promote gender mainstreaming, the Philippine national government issued a circular directing government agencies, including state colleges and universities to adopt Gender Equality Guidelines in the development of media policies and programs. Studies (Benavot, 2016; Blumberg, 2007; Jenkins & Phillips, 1995; Kerkhoven, Russo, Land-Zandstra, Saxena, & Rodenburg, 2016; Mills & Mustapha, 2015;) showed that gender bias and language insensitivity in learning materials negatively affect female students’ general performance. The Multimedia Center (MC), the unit of the University of the Philippines Open University (UPOU) that is tasked to design, develop, produce, and disseminate multimedia course materials has been implementing practices to make UPOU multimedia learning materials more inclusive and gender fair. This study examines the gender fairness of the “Open Educational Resources (OER) for Technology for Teaching and Learning” video series. These series of videos produced by the MC is disseminated to the learners and general public via the UPOU Networks, the university’s virtual repository of learning materials. To study the gender sensitivity of the videos, content analysis will be done using the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) gender-sensitive indicators and the Philippine Commission on Women Towards a Gender Fair Media guidelines.
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    Gender Portrayal in UP Open University Social Media Sites
    ( 2018) Serrano, Joane ; Petrasanta, Lovelyn ; Cañas-Llamas, Anna
    The UP Open University (UPOU) social media sites with about 40,000 followers accross its social media pages is assumed to have a significant role in disseminating information and knowledge for most of its learners both local and offshore. According to The Statistics Portal (statista.com), the number of social media users around the globe is estimated to increase from 2.46 billion in 2017 to 2.77 billion in 2019. Three (3) of four (4) internet users use social media, with women (76%) using social networking sites more than men (72%). This study aims to examine the portrayal and representation of women and men in the graphics and videos posted across UPOU social media sites: Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. This study will make use of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as its theoretical and analytic framework. The study will make use of the Gender-Sensitive Indicators for Media (GSIM) by UNESCO (2012) as the analytical tool in analyzing gender portrayal and representation in UPOU social media posts.
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    Gender Roles in Coastal Resources Management of a Fishing Community in Lucena City, Quezon Province, Philippines
    ( 2018) Manansala, Teddy S.
    Human activities continue to add pressure on marine and coastal ecosystems resulting to its collapse. The dynamics of its governance has even undervalued women’s contribution in the labor force of the fisheries sector. Globally, gender equality in sustainable marine and coastal ecosystems are espoused in the 5th and 14th sustainable development goals. This study explored the gender component and coastal resources management practices of a fishing community in Lucena City, Quezon Province, Philippines. Specifically, the role and participation of women in fishing activities including key issues and challenges in the community related to the use of their coastal resources and natural environment was done using a survey questionnaire. Demographic profile of respondents showed that majority of the fishers belonged to families in subsistence poverty. There was a significant proportion of single male over female fishers with computed values of 14.079 and 0.30 using Chi-square and Cramer’s V tests, respectively. Young male fishers were forced to stop schooling and engaged in fishing activities to help provide additional income for their families. Results also showed that there was no significant difference between female and male fishers regarding their engagement in the same labor-intensive fishing activities. Identified key issues and challenges include ineffective implementation of coastal water patrolling, illegal fishing from intruders, lack of alternative livelihood during tropical weather disturbances, low participation in CRM initiatives and membership in POs. Recommended solutions include: (1) provision of high-speed patrol boat; (2) budget allocation for the trainings and minimal capital for alternative livelihood during off-season fishing; (3) stringent implementation of ordinance on legal fishing gears and equipment including jurisdiction on coastal waters; (4) budget allocation for the establishment of PO cooperative; (5) information education communication (IEC) initiatives and projects in coordination with the academe and LGU for technical expertise and trainings. Established baseline data from this study may be used as basis for the LGU and stakeholders in policy-making, projects prioritization, IEC and outreach programs. Through concerted local, national and global action addressing the vicious cycle of poverty can the sustainable development goals may be realized. Further study may be considered on the community’s adaptation, resilience, and mitigation towards climate change.
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    Gender Sensitivity of UPOU-Produced Open Educational Resources
    ( 2018) Serrano, Joane ; Gelisan, Luisa ; Gonzales, Eubelle
    In support of the Magna Carta of Women and to further promote gender mainstreaming, the Philippine national government issued a circular directing government agencies, including state colleges and universities to adopt Gender Equality Guidelines in the development of media policies and programs. Studies (Benavot, 2016; Blumberg, 2007; Jenkins & Phillips, 1995; Kerkhoven, Russo, Land-Zandstra, Saxena, & Rodenburg, 2016; Mills & Mustapha, 2015;) showed that gender bias and language insensitivity in learning materials negatively affect female students’ general performance. The Multimedia Center (MC), the unit of the University of the Philippines Open University (UPOU) that is tasked to design, develop, produce, and disseminate multimedia course materials has been implementing practices to make UPOU multimedia learning materials more inclusive and gender fair. This study examines the gender fairness of the “Open Educational Resources (OER) for Technology for Teaching and Learning” video series. These series of videos produced by the MC is disseminated to the learners and general public via the UPOU Networks, the university’s virtual repository of learning materials. To study the gender sensitivity of the videos, content analysis will be done using the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) gender-sensitive indicators and the Philippine Commission on Women Towards a Gender Fair Media guidelines.
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    Gleaning Fisheries in Selected Intertidal Areas of Sta.Cruz and Digos City, Davao Del Sur
    ( 2021-04-24) Marfil, Felisa Jyl C.
    Gleaning is a common fishery practice in coastal communities since it only requires simple methods, minimal tools, and gleaning areas are easily accessible. Macroinvertebrates make up bulk of the gleaning catch given that most of these fauna are slow-moving or sessile. A study to survey the macro- invertebrate gleaning fishery in selected intertidal areas of Davao del Sur was conducted on March 2019. Gleaning site and market surveys were carried out and purposive sampling was employed for the interview. The study documented twenty-four (24) genera of macro-invertebrates which belong to three (3) phyla, namely, Arthropoda, Brachiopoda and Mollusca. Thirteen (13) macroinvertebrate species were observed in both study sites, respectively. The Sorensen coefficient (SS) was 0.15 which implies that there are only few similar species present in both study sites. The interview also revealed that gastropods and bivalves are the usual targeted species of the gleaners in both study sites. It can be concluded that macroinvertebrates are still abundant and gleaning fishery is still prevalent in Barangay Bato, Sta. Cruz and Barangay Sinawilan, Digos City, Davao del Sur. A more comprehensive study and regular monitoring of gleaning activities in the study sites is recommended.
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    Glocalizing K-Pop: Pinoy Pop and Thai Pop Music as Glocal Expressions of Evolving Cultural Identities in the ASEAN
    ( 2022-09-12) Engaño, Pamela Mae S.
    This study examines how today’s in-demand K-Pop-inspired Pinoy Pop (P-Pop) groups Alamat and SB19, Thai-Pop (T-Pop) groups 4MIX and Vyra, and their talent companies approach K-Pop glocalization to reinvent their own doses of pop music that represent glocal cultural identities different from that of K-Pop music idols. Framed after music glocalization, music-and-identity construction, and regionalization concepts, this study uses an ethnographic research design to analyze how P-Pop and T-Pop groups and their talent companies glocalize the K-Pop idol formula in producing their selected hit singles; employs contextual analysis to understand how historical, sociocultural, and political drivers shape their glocalization techniques; and, triangulates said drivers with subjects’ music-making experiences to paint a picture of their cultural identities as reflected in their selected P-Pop and T-Pop songs. Findings show that P-Pop and T-Pop groups and their talent companies differently approach K-Pop glocalization from the moment would-be idols were scouted, trained, and groomed down to their debut and participation in the music-making process. Moreover, the experiences and words put together to create subjects’ hit singles speak of the historical, sociocultural, and political shifts the Filipino and Thai societies and their local music industries have gone through. More than just affirming the cultural diverseness of the Philippines and Thailand, subjects’ varying glocalization techniques reinforce P-Pop and T-Pop music as modern-day expressions of local genius rather than mere imitation. With K-Pop glocalization advancing decolonization and regionalization in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), P-Pop and T-Pop music along with other ASEAN member-states’ doses of pop music, if provided with thriving space outside their countries, can serve as catalysts that further facilitate Aseanization and community building in the region.
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    Grassland Vegetation Assessment In Forage Farms In Masbate Province, Philippines
    ( 2021-05) Barruga, Bever M.
    BARRUGA, BEVER MANARAS.Master of Environment and Natural Resources Management.Faculty of Management and Development Studies. University of the Philippines Open University. July 2021. Grassland Vegetation Assessment in Forage Farms in Masbate Province, Philippines Special Problem Adviser: Dr. Ramiro F. Plopino Grassland vegetation assessment is valuable for monitoring and inventory of pastures. This study gathered baseline data on the prevailing grassland condition and its underlying factors byidentifying vegetation attributes and how these impact the feed resources condition, in terms of species composition, cover, frequency value, height, and dominance ratio, and examine how it relates to pasture management and practices. Pointsampling technique using point frame method, vegetation analysis through descriptive statistics, and Key Informant Interviews were employed to gather data and qualitative information. It was observed that the species composition was diverse in each area. In terms of percent relative cover, Paddock 16, Stylosanthes guianensis obtained 75.80%; Paddock 8, Brachiaria humidicola, 59.26%; and Paddock 12 (P12), Brachiaria humidicola, 31.36%.For paddock 16 (P16) and 8 (P8), the relative frequency is highest for Stylosanthes guianensisand Brachiaria humidicola, 50% and 39% respectively, while in paddock 12 (P12), the highest relative frequency were Arachis pintoi and Bracharia decumbens, 17.65%.The highest relative height recorded in paddock 8 (P8) was Themeda triandra, Imperata cylindrica, and Mimosa pudicahaving 22.70%, 32.42% and 14.40%, respectively. Paddock 12 (P12) appeared to have lowest relative height value of 46.49% compared to paddock 8 (P8) and 16 (P16) with 169.03% and 185.59%, respectively. Overall, Brachiaria humidicolain Paddock 8 (P8) and 12 (P12) and Stylosanthes guianensis in Paddock 16 (P16) had the highest dominance ratio. Pastoral management of ranchers adopts rotational grazing management. However, rotation of animals was done at its lowest grazing capacity which resulted to overgrazing. Environmental policies in the barangay such as garbage disposal, impoundment of stray animals must be strictly observed to avoid additional grazing impact and pasture degradation. It is also recommended that improved pastures such as stylo and humidicola shall be homogenous to increase herbage yield available to animals to control possible growth of unpalatable invasive species.
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    Health Literacy and Health Promoting Behaviors Among Adults at Risk for Diabetes in a Rural Setting
    ( 2020-09-26) Ydirin, Christian Sandor Badana
    Due to the lack of baseline data assessing the health literacy and health behaviors of adults in a remotely located upland barangay, which employs vigorous statistical sampling, that could support the existing relationship between health literacy and health promoting behaviors among adults at risk for diabetes, this study came into fruition. This descriptive correlational research design study generally aimed to determine the existing correlation between the health literacy and health promoting behaviors of adults at high risk for diabetes. A total of 400 adults in Barangay Vizcaya, President Roxas, Capiz, aged 18-59 years old, were included in the final sample after they were were randomly selected utilizing a proportionate stratified sampling technique by age and sex. Data were collected through face-to-face interview using the Health Literacy and Health Promoting Behavior Questionnaires. Both adults at high and low risk for diabetes were found out to have limited health literacy and negative health promoting behaviors, with disease prevention and physical activity as having the worst health literacy and health behavior subscale scores, respectively. A statistically and practically significant difference exists between the health literacy of adults with high and low risk for diabetes, but no significant difference exists between their health promoting behaviors. Furthermore, there is a moderately positive correlation between the health literacy and health promoting behaviors of adults at high risk for diabetes. Thus, healthcare workers need to focus on increasing the health literacy of adults, especially those who are at high risk for diabetes, to facilitate development of health promoting behaviors. An all population-based inclusion should still be implemented when conducting health information campaigns, so as to reach the greater percentage of the adults who have lower levels of health literacy.
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    Health Service Satisfaction of Animal Bite Victims in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines: A Retrospective Study
    ( 2018) De Lima, Sherlyn S.
    Patient satisfaction is an important indicator of quality of care, providing useful insights for delivering efficient health care which meets the needs of the patients. What influences a person's health is the encounter between health care customer/patient and provider; therefore it is critical that this encounter be pleasant. This retrospective study of health service satisfaction of animal bite victims in Siniloan, Laguna from January to December 2015 was done to evaluate effectiveness of the health services of the rural health unit, measured using both quantitative (surveys) and qualitative (interviews) data. There were 244 survey respondents among the recorded 450 animal bite victims. The study showed that 15-year-old and below female students were the most common victims, the majority of which were bitten by dogs. Results revealed that the extent of knowledge and practices of animal bite victims ranges from excellent to very good with a mean range of 3.47-3.64, SD = 0.657-0.703. Animal bite victims generally are satisfied in terms of level of client satisfaction ranges from 3.33-3.52, SD= 0.624-0.766. Overall, Animal Bite victims were satisfied in terms of information, dissemination about rabies elimination program and extent of impact of human rabies elimination program with overall mean range of 3.30-3.45, SD= 0.621-0.759. Almost all variables had a very weak association in terms of association of socio-demographic profile (age, sex highest educational attainment and type of who bit the bite victims to the knowledge of rabies, practices on the prevention and control of rabies, client satisfaction, information dissemination about rabies elimination program and extent of impact of human rabies elimination program. It is recommended in this study the improvement of the control through health promotion campaign must be done to further strengthen the rabies control program. The study also recommended that in order to understand further the associate of the variables tested a higher statistical analysis should be done such as a regression modeling.
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    Health-Related Quality of Life of Nurses Working in Private and Public Hospitals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
    ( 2024-02-27) Rey, Michael John B.
    Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) is a concept that encompasses the physical and mental wellbeing of an individual over time. Since factors such as the work environment and other psychosocial factors can be considered an element in determining the health status of the HCW, HRQoL is a valuable indicator of outcomes and overall health status for HCW, particularly nurses, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Because COVID-19 is a health crisis, the workload of the HCW, particularly nurses, increased significantly. With the current health threat, nurses served as the health system's frontline of defense. As such, the group is considered as one the highest risk to the infection. The study was conducted at one private and one government hospital in Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The RAND 36-Item Health Survey (Version 1.0) was used to measure the HRQoL of the respondents. All 36 questions in the SF-36 survey are categorized to each of the applicable health concept: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, role limitations due to personal or emotional problems, energy/fatigue, emotional wellbeing, social functioning, pain, and general health perceptions. Among the eight health concepts, Energy/Fatigue (M=53.42, SD=12.431) scored the highest, followed by General Health (M=53.20, SD=20.756) and Physical Functioning (M=50.56, SD=17.359). On the other hand, Role limitations due to emotional problems (M=40.84, SD=45.987) and Emotional well-being (M=41.49, SD=37.396) scored the lowest. Conclusion: This study found that overall, nurses scored their HRQoL below average (M=47.59, SD=29.119). After the analysis of the SF-36 questionnaire, it was noted that of the eight health concepts, the respondents reported the best HRQoL in the physical domain, particularly General Health, Energy/Fatigue, and Physical Functioning. Subsequently, the nurses’ HRQoL related to the psychological domain (Emotional well-being and Role limitations due to emotional problems scored the lowest.
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    High Soil Erosion Potential Areas and Their Prioritization for Rehabilitation using a Modified Relative Erosion Potential Index In the Upper Bued River Watershed, Tuba, Benguet, Philippines.
    ( 2003) Flores, Ramon Antonio L.
    Evaluation of Soil Erosion Potential Measures indicates the suitability of using a rescaled Relative Erosion Potential Index (over USLE, RUSLE and MUSLE) in the Upper Blue River Watershed. 500 x 500m cell raster coding of average slope (in %, from quadrant search), land cover, and porosity (derived from soil type) enabled simple multiplication of average rainfall of the rainiest month, average slope, WRI-supplied values for soil type and land cover/use which gives rise to the Relative Erosion Potential (REP) index. Rescaling (from 0 to 1 for minimum and maximum) of the REP index facilitated statistical classification of the rescaled REP cell scores, resulting in the identification of 12 areas warranting priority work for rehabilitation. These 12 areas are marked by steep to very steep slopes (all >50%), grassland cover, and are dominated by porous soil types. Six of these areas, in order of priority, are within the watershed, namely Camp 6, NE Camp 5, SE PMA, NW Camp 4, East Camp 3, and NE Sto. Tomas areas. The other six areas lie outside of the watershed; Philex North, Philex Minesite, NW Sto. Tomas, Banget are mostly within the Philex mining operations where reforestation is ongoing. The Saddle and Acupan Areas are astride the Philex Road. Vegetative measures, such as tree species, especially those endemic to the area and suited to high elevation, steep slopes, thin, calcareous, lateritic or acidic soils are recommended. Vines and creeping plants, including bamboo and rattan which will hold and protect the soil from direct rainfall impact, retain moisture, provide organic matter, retard runoff, and provide products for domestic consumption and commercial use are also recommended. Simple engineering measures at smaller scales for runoff control such as check damns, wattling, fascines and slope protection such as riprapping are recommend if proven to be cost-effective relative to the value of the downstream sites to be protected. The methodology, as well as results of this study, can be improved with updated land cover data and consideration of soil loss potential due to mass movement. Results of this study are recommended to be disseminated and discussed with relevant stakeholders to hasten progress in mitigating soil loss in the area.
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    Holistic Needs and Coping Among Preoperative Patients in a Government Teriary Hospital in Metro Manila, Philippines
    ( 2019) Onglengco, Myrna M.
    This study seeks to understand the holistic needs of the preoperative patients in terms of informational, physical, psychological, social, spiritual, level of independence and environment and their relationships to the coping level of the preoperative patients as an aspect of holistic nursing. It also examines the profile of the patient participants as it relates to their coping level. The study runs on the conceptual framework that the holistic needs are related to the coping needs of the preoperative patients. In the same manner, the framework is also applied in looking into the demographic profile of the patients and its relationship to coping. The level of coping serves as an indicator as to the wholeness of the person yielding better patient recovery and outcome. The study utilized the descriptive correlational design done in the medical, surgical, and gynecology wards of a government tertiary hospital located in Metro Manila, Philippines. The researcher considered 43 preoperative patients who underwent operation in a few days following the survey in the given wards. The survey among the preoperative patients were based using the following tools, namely, The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Informational Scale (APAIS), Quality of Life Tool (QOLT) and Brief COPE. Where applicable, the necessary permissions on the use of the said tools were sought from the authors. The results of the study show that the level of independence is the top priority need of the patient undergoing surgery. This is followed by the spiritual need showing that spirituality is a vital factor in the quality of life of the respondents. The physical need comes in next which is undoubtedly an important aspect when one is under the challenges of an illness. Meanwhile, preoperative patients greatly need to know the information about anesthesia more than about the surgical procedure. Consequently, they worried more on the anesthesia than on the procedure but think less about these. In terms of coping, physical, social relationship and spirituality coping were the top means used by the patients. The results also show that among the holistic needs of the preoperative patients and the existing coping mechanisms for the specific holistic need, only social relationship need has significant correlation with social coping mechanism. The correlation is negative, that is as the coping level increases, the holistic needs decreases. As for the demographic profile of the respondents, the results show significant relationships between the eight groups of demographic profile and the six categories of coping mechanism with varying dependencies among profile. Spiritual, environment and level of independence coping mechanisms show as the common top three coping mechanisms with highest association except for the category of income where the third significant association is with social coping mechanism. Based on the foregoing, the study concludes that there exist significant relationships between the holistic needs and coping among preoperative patients. Moreover, significant relationships exist in terms of the presented demographic profile and coping mechanisms. Knowing the importance of the holistic needs of the patients during this situation is a great leap among the healthcare providers, patients and their family members in choosing the type of care and arriving at the most appropriate approach needed to hurdle the health situation. This study contributes to the nursing literature in the Philippines on holistic nursing and coping responses during surgical procedures.
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    Impact of Climate change on Pastoral Livelihood, Vulnerability and Adaptive Strategy A Case Study in Moyale District, Borena Zone, Oromyia Regional State, Ethiopia
    ( 2014) Muluneh, Wolde Mariam
    The study was conducted in 4 pastoral kebeles (lower administrative unit) of Moyale, district, Borena Administrative Zone, Oromyia Regional State with the objectives of investigating the impact of climate change on the livelihood; identifying root causes of vulnerability; and identifying the local communities’ adaptive mechanisms. The data were collected from 129 household respondents using household questionnaires, key informant interview, and direct observation. The household respondents were selected based on population proportion of the targeted kebeles. The study scrutinized the local communities’ vulnerability to changing climate, environmental degradation, complex disasters as factors that undermine communities’ ability to adapt to climate change. The results indicated that drought was more frequent; rain small in amount, uneven in distribution, short in duration and high in intensity. Therefore, it was found to be wise to protect those traditional coping mechanisms retain importance, especially in sorting out disputes over resources and governing access to pasture. Besides, it is recommended the adaptation policies to be complemented local pastorals autonomous response to climate change through the development of new drought- resistant approach and improved weather forecasts.
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    Impacts of Dredging and Marine Excavation Activities on the Marine Water Quality of the Ajman Creek in the Al Zorah Development in Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
    ( 2013) Dunlao, Clark F.
    The study investigated the potential impacts of dredging and marine excavation activities on the marine water quality of the Ajman Creek during the Stage 1 and Sector 2 of the South Marine works of the Al Zorah development in Ajman, UAE. Permission was secured from the Project Manager to use the information from the two (2) year environmental monitoring activity where the author was commissioned as the environmental consultant. This descriptive research used the marine water quality monitoring data collected during the two-year construction. Two (2) statistical analysis tools, ANOVA and bivariate correlation were used in this study. The main analytical method for this study is semi-quantitative in nature. Quantitative data was gathered from the laboratory sampling and chemical analysis, but the analysis was more descriptive supported by statistical analysis. The study was limited on the data gathered from the laboratory sampling and chemical analysis at three (3) sampling locations within the project site at the mid water depth, and physical water quality parameters measured were temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS). Sampling and testing were performed every two (2) weeks at the same three (3) locations. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), heavy metals and others were not tested. The result of the monitoring showed that pH had increased from the baseline of 6.16 to 8.30 at the end of Sector 2 phase; however, this was still within the standard set by authority. The percentage change in the salinity and TDS exceeded the limit during several monitoring activities (<5% and <2% respectively) due to release of carbonates from the excavation sites. TSS and turbidity readings also exceeded the limit; however, the average TSS and turbidity were within the maximum limit (EAD, <33 mg/L, DM 25 mg/L max for TSS; 10 NTU for turbidity). The DO reading was affected by both release of sediments from the excavation and decrease in the oxygen solubility due to increase in temperature of water. In general, DO was maintained at the allowable limit (>4 mg/L). As a conclusion, statistically there was no significant difference among three locations based on the following parameters: temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, TSS, TDS, turbidity, and DO. Direct correlation among temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, TDS, TSS, and turbidity was noted. However, there was an inverse correlation between temperature and DO. Results suggest that the construction of the quay walls, revetments and marinas during the Stage 1 and Sector 2 of the South Marine work were implemented sufficiently with mitigating measures in place. It is then recommended to include chemical marine water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, chlorophyll and heavy metals; extend to assess the potential impact on the benthic organisms and migratory bird species for ecological equilibrium.
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    Indigenous Climate Change Adaptation Practices in Kalinga Province, Philippines
    ( 2013) Tercero, Mario U.
    The Philippines, like many other developing countries, is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and has already experienced noticeable adverse effects in recent years. The potentials of indigenous knowledge systems in addressing the unequivocal climate change scenarios cannot be underestimated as these allowed indigenous peoples to cope with and adapt to these changes to survive. A preliminary and limited documentation of indigenous practices of these peoples was undertaken in the Municipalities of Balbalan, Pasil, and Lubuagan in Kalinga Province. These were then compared with the priority programs and strategies under the nationally formulated Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) for 2011-2028. Results showed that indeed indigenous peoples of Kalinga, even before the advent of hot topics about mitigation and adaptation measures, have prepared themselves and effectively addressed possible impacts of climate change. Their indigenous practices consider vulnerability of the mountain ecosystem they are in. They are in the best position to pose objections against unfavourable development that may endanger sustainability of resources influenced by modern way of life. Their practices are proven effective in adapting and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
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    INDOMALPHI Trilateral Cooperative Arrangement to Combat Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships: Towards Greater Cooperation and Security
    (University of the Philippines Open University, 2024-06-03) Balderas, Stephanie
    This study was conducted to assess the Trilateral Cooperative Arrangement (TCA) in combatting piracy threats in the Sulu-Celebes Sea as it contributes to greater regional cooperation. The TCA was able to address piracy, armed robbery against ships, and maritime kidnapping-for-ransom in the tri-border of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Said engagement remains relevant in combatting other maritime security threats in the Sulu-Celebes Sea, including smuggling of goods, human trafficking, illicit trade of endangered species, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, among others. To foster greater regional maritime security cooperation, the TCA needs to hurdle both internal challenges within the TCA and external challenges that affect the members. The TCA serves as an example of regional collaboration that can address maritime security challenges in Southeast Asia. The study recognizes the ASEAN as a relevant intergovernmental institution that promotes regional identity building and the sociocultural aspect that addresses security in the region. It recommends that the TCA establish a centralized database, utilize an output-based strategic development, and expand the cooperation to cognizant agencies. The study also suggests the strengthening of the piracy regime in Southeast Asia and that the ASEAN establish a maritime security partnership, centralized maritime coordination center, and centralized maritime security task force.
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    Inferring MPA Sustainability from Management Effectiveness Outcomes A Comparison of 5 Coral Reef Marine Sanctuaries Using MEAT
    ( 2014) Bandigan, France Guillian P.
    Locally managed marine protected areas (MPAs) were established supposedly to reverse the declining health of marine resources. But whether or not these MPAs are meeting the goals for which they have been set up is not always clear. To achieve the desired results, management has to be effective. Measuring management effectiveness is not just a self-monitoring exercise for managers but is also crucial for improving overall governance. This study compared the management effectiveness of five MPA sites using the MPA Management Effectiveness Assessment Tool (MEAT). Additionally, coral reef and reef fish biomass data of the study sites were also gathered to determine whether MPA management effectiveness translate to MPAs performing better in terms of their bio-physical attributes. The five study sites were as follow: Tagaliling MPA (TMPA) in Mati, Davao Oriental; Magliling MPA (MMPA) in Tarragona, Davao Oriental; Rising Sun MPA (RSMPA) in Manay, Davao Oriental; Sanipaan Marine Park (SMP) in Samal, Davao del Norte; and Lanuza Marine Park and Sanctuary (LMPS) in Lanuza, Surigao del Sur. All are locally managed MPAs but considerable support were provided through externally funded projects. TMPA, MMPA, RSMPA, and LMPS garnered total cumulative scores that classified them as having “very good” management according to the MEAT; SMP, on theother hand, scored enough to qualify for “excellent” management. The relatively high scores were due mainly to the MPA’s enforcement system, sustainable financing schemes, monitoring and evaluation protocols, and the organization of the management body. When the management effectiveness scores of the five MPA study sites were compared with the biological indicators for the MPAs, however, it was found that no statistically significant correlation exists between management effectiveness and coral cover nor for management effectiveness and fish biomass. This result applies only for the five study sites and should not be taken to mean that management effectiveness does not impact biophysical conditions. What the results do underscore is the bias of the tool towards measuring governance inputs and processes but not necessarily its biological outcomes.
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    Information, Education and Communication Pamphlet and Level of Anxiety of Patients Undergoing Endoscope Procedure
    ( 2016-06-10) Aquino, Kalayaan D.
    This study investigated on the anxiety levels of patients of Megaclinic before the underwent endoscopic procedures. It further determined if written information in a form of pamphlet can affect the levels of anxieties as well as the existence of a relationship between anxiety and age, gender and level of education in the study and control groups. The research utilized a pre- and post-test quasi-experimental design. Both groups were asked to accomplish Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Forms. T-tests and Chi-square were used to analyze the significant difference and relationship of the variable used. On comparing of the control and study groups after the intervention, it showed that more than three-fourth of the items have significant differences before and after the intervention. Furthermore, post-test scores showed no significant difference in the post-test anxiety levels of the among the study and control group (p= 0.46). Only educational attainment had a significant relationship with anxiety level (p=0.00). Despite finding out that IEC pamphlets had relatively no significant impact, it was still of great valued for the Megaclinic since it was noted that most patients were relatively less anxious immediately prior to their endoscopic procedure if there were provided with information about the medical procedure. Since it was noted that educational attainment of patients has significant relationship with anxiety levels, this only suggests that extra attention must be given in patients who have lower educational attainment. It is recommended to use a more improved and simpler version of the IEC pamphlet for them. It is further suggested to investigate the duration and time intervals of the intervention as well as prior endoscopic experience among others in the future studies.
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    Integrating Local Ecological Knowledge Towards Community Based Mangrove Conservation Management in Pulo, Calatagan, Philippines
    ( 2024-12) Ortiz, Theresa Linus R.
    Mangrove ecosystems play vital roles in coastal protection and community livelihoods, yet face significant degradation worldwide. In the Philippines, where more than 50% of original mangrove cover has been lost since the 1900s, the integration of Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) with scientific approaches presents a promising strategy for enhanced conservation. This study investigated the integration of LEK and community-based management approaches toward improved mangrove conservation in Pulo, Calatagan, Batangas, focusing on a 7.5-hectare fringing mangrove forest. Using mixed methods research, the study collected data through structured interviews with 20 key informants, surveys of 35 households across three management zones, and three focused group discussions. The findings revealed sophisticated traditional taxonomic knowledge, with species identification accuracy reaching 95% for dominant species and traditional indicators showing 89% accuracy in predicting seasonal changes. Spatial analysis demonstrated significant variation in management participation across zones (F(2,32)=15.3, p<0.001, η2=0.48), with engagement declining from 75% in near zones to 25% in far zones. Knowledge integration success rates reached 82% (β=0.82, SE=0.04, p<0.001), substantially exceeding regional benchmarks. The study recommends implementing zone-specific management protocols, establishing digital knowledge archives, and developing structured knowledge transfer programs to enhance conservation outcomes while preserving valuable traditional knowledge systems. These findings contribute to both theoretical understanding and practical guidelines for improving mangrove conservation through integrated knowledge approaches.
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    Integration of Rights Based Approach Perspective in Coastal Resource Management
    ( 2006) Bibal, Bughaw Cielo Mossesgeld
    To date, the coastal zone is beset with problems of resource degradation and extreme poverty, especially among the small-scale fisher folk. Development initiatives in coastal resource management (CRM) have continuously evolved to achieve the most effective form of coastal governance. Various approaches and strategies have been applied., the more successful of which include community-based coastal resource management, coastal zone management, integrated coastal management and co-management. And with the increasing donor's interest in CRM, quite a number of multi-million dollar programs and projects were implemented. As a result, some coastal communities have achieved empowerment, economic and environmental improvements. Despite all these efforts, a gap remains in terms in achieving sustained human development, where all human rights are explicitly addressed and considered as equally important. The study proposed an approach to CRM to address this gap. The study initially assessed the existing conditions of coastal areas and the circumstances that led to such conditions. Government initiatives and how the governments' approach had evolved for increased effectiveness in the management of resources were also reviewed. After assessing the problems besetting the coastal resources, the historical evolution of CRM and the policy and regulatory framework, the study proceeded on to review selected CRM approaches. The concept of the right-based approach (RBA) to development was discussed as well as its policy framework and the contents and claims of each human right. The enhancements and value-added of RBA in development initiatives was emphasized as a means to fill the gap identified in CRM. These, together with the experiences and learning obtained from the implementation of CRM programs and projects, have contributed to the development of a framework for an enhanced approach to CRM. The enhanced CRM approach integrates the concept of RBA and the elements of co-management, community-based management, coastal zone management and integrated coastal management. The study determined areas of coastal resource management where the rights-based approach perspective can be applied and/or integrated. The focus of the study was directed towards the process of objective setting, identification of concepts and principles adhered to, and the elements and processes of implementation of both RBA and CRM. The methods by which the RBA perspective can be integrated in CRM were presented. Recommendations were made for relevant government institutions, non-government organizations and other sectors to ensure that certain assumptions and conditions for RBA to be effective are in place. These are important conditions to obtain the desired results during field-testing.