GIS-Based Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Cover Changes in Barangay Monte Calvario within the Buhi-Barit Watershed, Buhi, Camarines Sur (2015-2024)

Abstract

This study titled “GIS-Based Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Land Cover Changes in Barangay Monte Calvario within the Buhi-Barit Watershed, Buhi, Camarines Sur (2015– 2024)” examined the spatial and temporal patterns of land cover transformation and their implications for watershed health and sustainability. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Sentinel-2 satellite data, and National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) land cover maps, the research analyzed environmental dynamics over a nine-year period. The findings revealed a dominant tree cover that expanded from 83% in 2017 to nearly 90% in 2024, reflecting ecological regeneration and reforestation efforts. However, concurrent increases in built-up areas and transitions in cropland and rangeland underscore continuing anthropogenic pressures from agriculture and settlement expansion.

The integration of ground truthing proved vital to the accuracy of this study, as field validation uncovered misclassified features such as informal housing, mixed cropping systems, and degraded lands inaccurately represented in satellite imagery. These findings highlighted the limitations of remote sensing alone in heterogeneous rural landscapes and reinforced the need for a hybrid approach that combines geospatial analysis with on-site verification. Recommendations emphasize adopting a hybrid monitoring framework that institutionalizes regular ground truthing alongside satellite- based classification to improve land use mapping, policy planning, and watershed governance. Such integration ensures data accuracy, supports participatory management, and strengthens adaptive, community-based environmental strategies.

Ultimately, the study contributes to developing sustainable and climate-resilient land use policies that balance ecological preservation and local development within the Buhi-Barit Watershed system.