FMDS Student Papers

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https://repository.upou.edu.ph/handle/20.500.13073/52
Research outputs by graduate students of the Faculty of Management and Development Studies.

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    Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of the Samahan ng Mangingisda ng Puro-Sinalikaway (SAMAPUSI Inc.) in a Collaborative Management of Buntod Reef Marine Sanctuary, City of Masbate
    ( 2023) Ajero Jr., Rodolfo
    The study examined the level of understanding, behavior, and collaborative shared management of Buntod Reef Marine Sanctuary among members of the fisher organization, Samahan ng Mangingisda ng Puro Sinalikway. Through a comprehensive Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) survey, data was collected on participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to marine resource conservation and sustainable management. The results revealed that the fisher organization members had a moderate level of knowledge regarding collaborative shared management of Buntod Reef Marine Sanctuary ecosystems. They displayed awareness of the importance of marine resources and exhibited familiarity with specific ecosystems such as mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs. However, there were knowledge gaps, particularly in understanding biodiversity and the ecological functions of various ecosystems. In terms of attitudes, participants generally held positive views towards marine resource management and expressed a willingness to engage in conservation efforts. They acknowledged the significant benefits that marine resources provided to their lives, livelihoods, and the local economy. Nonetheless, certain negative attitudes towards regulations and policies related to marine conservation were identified, which could impede effective management practices. Regarding practices, fisher organization members demonstrated commendable behavior in sustainable fishing and marine resource management. They utilized environmentally friendly fishing gear and employed responsible fishing methods. However, improvements were needed in waste disposal practices and the prevention of damage to coral reefs and other marine ecosystems. The findings emphasized the importance of education and awareness initiatives to address knowledge gaps and enhance the understanding of fisher organization members regarding their role in marine habitat protection. Furthermore, promoting collaborative shared management among fisher organizations and stakeholders was crucial for effective protection and management of marine habitats. To enhance the management of Buntod Reef Marine Sanctuary, policy recommendations included increasing education and awareness efforts, encouraging community participation in conservation initiatives, regular monitoring and evaluation of environmental programs, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, and providing more funding and support for conservation efforts. Implementing these recommendations would strengthen the conservation and protection of Buntod Reef Marine Sanctuary's marine resources, benefiting the fisherfolk community and the environment as a whole.
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    Environmental Governance of Carbon Pricing: A Case Study on Singapore's Carbon Tax Implementation
    ( 2024) Rios, Anita Fernandez
    Carbon pricing has emerged as a crucial strategy for abating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change. Numerous jurisdictions across the globe have embraced carbon pricing mechanisms to incentivize emission reductions. Singapore introduced its Carbon Pricing Act in 2018, the first in Southeast Asia. Under this Act, facilities directly emitting 25,000 tons of greenhouse gases or more were required to pay a carbon tax rate set at S$5 per ton of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e) from 2019 to 2023. This initial rate allowed companies emitting GHGs to adjust gradually. Subsequently, the tax rate increased to S$25/tCO2e for 2024-2025 and further to S$45/tCO2e by 2026 to 2027. There is an indication that the tax rate could reach between S$50 and S$80 per tCO2e by 2030. Implementing a carbon policy presented several critical challenges. These included determining the optimal carbon price level to effectively incentivize emission reductions, ensuring equitable distribution of the burden and benefits, and establishing mechanisms to protect vulnerable groups disproportionately affected by the policy. Simultaneously, the policy aimed to foster the growth and competitiveness of the local economy. This case study on the Environmental Governance of Carbon Pricing: Carbon Tax Implementation in Singapore, examined Singapore’s carbon pricing journey using Bennett and Satterfield’s environment governance criteria. The results revealed that environmental governance has been effective, equitable, responsive, and robust. However, there is room for improvement regarding fairness, justice, and stakeholder participation. Recommendations include enhancing participation levels, increasing transparency, and ensuring a fair distribution of benefits. Further studies are recommended to assess the overall impact of an improved ecosystem resulting from effective environmental governance.
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    Review on the Management and Disposition of Confiscated Forest Products and Turned Over Logs in DENR CENRO Lipa City, Batangas
    ( 2024) Agapay, Angela Marie B.
    To avoid deterioration and loss of the economic value of apprehended and/or confiscated forest products and turned-over logs, impounding areas were established. These forest products were hauled and temporarily deposited in the impounding area of DENR CENRO Lipa. This study intended to review the management and disposition of DENR CENRO Lipa with regards to confiscated forest products and turned-over logs from approved tree cutting permits issued to NGA’s.
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    Remediation Study to use Dolomite to Neutralize Sulfuric Acid in the Abandoned Copper Mine Pits in Marinduque
    ( 2022) Guevara, Fernando S
    Marcopper started producing copper, gold and silver from the Tapian pit from 1969 to 1991. The tailings were sent to the San Antonio impoundment pit until 1975. It shifted its tailing disposal to the Calancan Bay in 1976. One hundred twenty (120) million tons of copper mine tailings has been discharged in the Calancan Bay (USGS, 2000). It is estimated that the tailing discharge of Marcopper was 200 to 300 million tons between 1975 to 1990 (USGS, 2000). In 1991 after finding that the San Antonio impoundment pit contains copper and other minerals the mining activity shifted to the San Antonio impoundment pit and with the approval of the Philippine government agency , the “Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas Yaman” (KKLY), discharged mine tailings from Calanacan Bay to the abandoned Tapian pit. The dewatering tunnel, that is used to drain water at the Tapian pit located 195 meter above the Makalunpit river, was plugged to prevent the mine tailings from contaminating Boac and Mogpog rivers. This means Boac river and Mogpog river thru Makalumpit river has been exposed to acid mine drainage (AMD) since 1969. On March 24, 1996 Marcopper cease mining operation when “the plug in the 195-m level drainage adit failed catastrophically. The plug failure resulted in the release of an estimated 1.5-3 million cubic meters (UNEP, 1996) of sulfuric tailings (AMD) slurry from the Tapian Pit storage area into the Makalunpit river, Mogpog, Boac river, and eventually the ocean west of the island” (USGS, 2000). After the disaster, Placer Dome, dispossed its financial ownership in Marcopper and created the Placer Dome Technical Services (PDTS) to determine options to remediate the major environment mining disaster. One of the immediate measures was to create a one-kilometer berm on both sides of the Boac riverbanks to protect the farmlands from over flooding. PDTS also dredge the Boac river 20 meters deep. PDST re-plugged the 195-meter adit to prevent the discharge of AMD into the Makalumpit, Mogpog and Boac rivers. One proposal of PDTS was to provide a submarine pipeline towards the sea where the mine AMD tailings will be dropped into the depths of the ocean in Tablas Straight. This proposal was denied by the “Kagawaran ng Kapaligiran at Likas Yaman” (KKLY). A study made by the “Joint U.S. Geological Survey – Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Reconnaissance Field Evaluation, on May 12-19, 2000 by Geoffrey S. Plumlee, Robert A. Morton, Terence P. Boyle, Jack H. Medlin, and Jose A. Centeno” on the “An Overview of Mining-Related Environmental and Human Health Issues, Marinduque Island, Philippines” in collaboration with the Office of the Governor of Marinduque concluded that “the potential magnitude and impacts of all these problems are so great that we strongly recommend the implementation of a general mining-environmental assessment and monitoring program on the island. The primary goals of such a monitoring and assessment program should be to (1) understand and define the magnitude of the different miningenvironmental problems, (2) prioritize the problems for remediation, and (3) look for creative, cost-effective ways to help mitigate or remediate the problems”. This study has its purpose inspired by item (3) recommendation.
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    Species Diversity, Community Structure and Carbon Stock of Mangrove Forest 3-Year Post Occurrence of Typhoon Rai (Odette):
    ( 2024) Bernales, Micha Marie
    A healthy marine ecology is dependent on healthy mangrove forests. Mangroves provide vital ecosystem services such as coastal protection from storm damage and carbon sequestration potential that help mitigate the effects of climate change. This study aimed to assess the species diversity and structure as well as the biomass carbon stock content of mangrove vegetation in Honda Bay, Snake Island, Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Data from 2021 was compared to the data gathered in 2024, which accounts for the 3-year occurrence of Typhoon Rai (Odette). The non-destructive quadrat, the nested quadrat method was employed in the assessment to quantitatively describe the mangrove stand in a total of 17 plots. The data was analyzed to reveal if there is a difference in terms of diversity, structure, and carbon stock in the area from 2021 to 2024. The result of the study found 7 mangrove species dominated by Rhizophora stylosa with 482 tree individuals because all of the mangrove tree planting activities that have taken place on the island in the past are more of this species and the presence of numerous mother trees facilitates its growth and survival. It has been observed that Avicennia marina and Rhizophora stylosa have the highest average basal area and DBH, giving them the highest importance value among other species with 219.85% and 38.42%, respectively. In the 2024 assessment, Plot 4 has 6 of the 7 mangrove species found on the island. This plot contains the most species and is the most diverse among the plots, with an index of 1. 0810. Results of this study revealed that the biomass carbon stock of mangroves in Snake Island ranged from 1.59 to 257.38 MgC ha-1, or a mean of 75.56 MgC ha-1, in 2021 and 2024. They differ only at the mean biomass carbon stock of 0.21 mg/ha. In accordance with species composition, Rhizophora stylosa has the largest contribution to total biomass carbon stock in the island, with 14.26 MgC ha-1 in the 2024 assessment, while Rhizophora mucronata bore the lowest with 0.49 MgC ha-1. All of the sampling plots were under the category of adequately stocked or have highly dense forest cover, with a total density of 2,935 trees per ha computed using the data gathered in 2024. From the 612 monitoring tree individuals before Typhoon Rai in December 2021 down to the 569 tree individuals or a total of 43 individuals monitored 3 years post-typhoon. Given the destruction caused by the typhoon throughout Palawan, the 3-year post-evaluation of Snake Island revealed only a 7.03% decrease. This is most likely due to the observation that new shoots and stems regenerated from the destroyed mangrove trees, resulting in an increase of 0.63 hectares in mangrove cover on the island. Given the stated mortality rate in the 2024 assessment, the mangrove cover rises from 18.43 hectares to 19.06 hectares through natural regeneration. According to the statistical analysis performed on the data collected in 2021 and 2024, there is a significant difference between the plots because of the number of individuals in each plot (p = 0.001), but there is no significant difference between the data collected in 2021 and 2024 in terms of diversity. The data from 2021 and 2024 did not reveal a significant difference between the years when comparing the biomass carbon stock (p = 0.991). Nonetheless, there was a notable difference in the number of people in each plot between them (p = <0.001). These findings suggest that mangrove vegetation in Snake Island, Palawan, consists of an amount of carbon, implying that to help preserve and protect the area's coastal resources that rely on mangrove forests, there is a need to assess the existing mangrove area regularly. The assessment of mangroves is critical to ensuring the proper management efforts of the various concerned entities in order to sustain the area's biodiversity conservation information. This would generate data and serve as the foundation for future plans and programs.