FMDS Student Papers

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Research outputs by graduate students of the Faculty of Management and Development Studies.

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    Characterization of the Habitat and Food Preference of Bayuku (Ryssota ovum Val) in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve
    ( 2003) Solatre, Jimson S.
    The study aimed at characterizing the biophysical and microclimatic conditions of the natural habitat of Bayuku (Ryssota ovum Val.) and determining its food preferences. The characterization of the natural habitat was carried out at the Boot Subwatershed where the Bayuku specimens were collected for experimentation. The preference test was undertaken at the multistorey agroforestry system at the Learning Laboratory for Agroforestry. The study was conducted from February to March 2003. Among the micro-habitats of the Bayuku included the base or buttresses of trees rock depressions, weathered rock surfaces, the underside of forest leaves, and underneath fallen branches, decomposing logs and other forest litters. They concealed themselves as defense mechanism against their predators and protection against light and desiccation. Their common enemies include the black ant, Aphaenogaster treate, and the Red Crested Malkoha, Phaenicophaeus supercilious, or locally known as “Basag-Bayuku” which preyed on juveniles. A Zoroptys sp., a primitive insect common at the foot of the Bayuku was believed to be their ally or collaborator. Threats to the survival of the Bayuku were found to be man-made, over collection and the incidence of forest fires damaging their natural habitat. In the preference test, Tangisang Bayawak was the most preferred food by the Bayuku among the five-leaf litters from the natural habitat while Kakawate was the most preferred food among the agroforestry species tested. On choice test, the Bayuku demonstrated greater preference for fresh leaves than the decomposing dried biomass. Comparing the food consumption among biomass types, the combination of decomposing dried biomass and fresh leaves registered the highest food intakes followed by the pure-fresh leaves. Leaf litter of sample trees from the natural habitat and leaf litters of agroforestry species raked the least consumed food types. The moistness of the leaf biomass was observed to enhance the food preference of the Bayuku. The study showed that Bayuku are generalists in their food intake. They consumed food other than what they normally eat at their natural habitat. This suggests the potential of Bayuku for culture and integration in agroforestry. The relationship between the weight increments of Bayuku with their food intake was found to be negative, signifying that other than the quantity of food consumed, the nutrient value of the food was another factor that contributed to the growth and weight increment of Bayuku. The meat and fecal matter of Bayuku were also found to be significant. An analysis of its edible meat's nutritive value showed very high amounts of protein and ash as source of minerals, and low in fat. The meat's attribute was found to be at par with the other major food sources. Moreover, its fecal matter was found to be good source of macro and micronutrients essential for plant growth.
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    Nature and Impact of Tourism on the Subic Bay Protected Area
    ( 2003) Alcazar, Lilia R.
    The study evaluates the potential role that the Subic Bay Protected Area (SBPA) plays integrating the development of viable tourism industry in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone with the conversation of the biophysical and human environments; drawing together development and conversation issues within a framework that balances the need of both people and wildlife. There is an examination of tourism in general cazaral and how the industry can be made “greener” towards ecotourism. The study attempted to answer the following questions: 1) Who are the tourists of the SBPA?, 2) How does tourism impact on the biophysical, economic, and socio-cultural environment of the SBPA?, and 3) Are the presents policies of the SBMA adequate in conserving the natural resources of the SBPA? The study assesses whether the variety of expectations generated by the ecotourism concept are being realized in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, from the standpoint of the visitor and the 'host' population. Materials and methods used include: wide ranging literary review, use of secondary data, interview, GIS maps, and actual site visits. The study concluded that: SBPA is a major tourist destination and tourism is a viable industry; there are both negative and positive impacts from tourism; and the industry can be made greener towards ecotourism.
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    Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proposed Commercial Wastewater Treatment Facility in Brgy. La Mesa, Calamba City.
    ( 2003) Espinosa, Gary T.
    This study was undertaken to predict and assess the significant environmental impacts of the proposed Commercial Wastewater Treatment Facility (CWTF) project that will occupy a maximum lot area of 2,000 m2 in Brgy. La Mesa, Calamba City. The objectives of the study are to determine the biophysical and socio-economic conditions of the project site; to identify potential environmental impacts of the project; to predict and assess the impacts using impact screening method; to recommend appropriate mitigating and/or enhancement measures for the identified impacts; and to identify some benefits of the project. The study covered only some of the basic requirements prescribed by DAO 96-37 in conducting and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study for waste management projects that include project description, significance of the project, data on project location, primary and secondary impact zones, baseline environmental conditions, impacts of the project, and mitigation/enhancement measures. Due to limited time and resources, the study was smaller in scope than the actual undertakings in conducting EIA study. The limitations of the study included the use of secondary data to describe the biophysical conditions in the project site; the use of fifteen (15) respondents only for the socio-economic survey; and the use of qualitative description in impact identification since most of the impacts cannot be quantified. The study made use of the different tools in conducting an EIA that were deemed appropriate. The tools included a checklist to describe environmental settings, frequency distribution for statistical analysis, matrices, and professional judgment. This study also adopted the impact screening method used by the Asian Development Bank prior to economic evaluation of environmental impacts of any projects or undertakings. The positive impacts that had been identified to increase the benefits include increase of employment and business opportunities throughout the phases of the project, increase in road networks during construction phase, and increases in dissolved oxygen during operation phase. The significant negative impacts that will occur permanently include removal of topsoils, removal of existing vegetation, generation of solid wastes, generation of obnoxious odor, emission of inorganic and organic fumes, health hazards, increase in electrical consumption, and abandonment of immobilized structures. The economic evaluation was not conducted because the identified impacts were not significant and amenable to quantitative assessment and valuation based on the impact screening method. Two (2) major benefits of the project had been discussed such as the reduction in the volume of hazardous liquid wastes stored by waste generators and source of water supply for irrigation. The following are recommended to be integrated in the design of the proposed project: a. An Environmental Management Plan should be incorporated in the proposal that will include emergency response procedures for spills during treatment and transportation of hazardous wastes. b. Monitoring of water quality in terms of the parameters based on Class A classification and National Standard for Drinking Water should be undertaken. c. Multi-partite monitoring team, which is composed of multi-sectoral groups including the DENR, LGUs, NGOs, community, and the proponent, should be organized for the environmental compliance monitoring and evaluation. d. Public hearings should be conducted to ensure that the project is socially acceptable to the community.
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    High Soil Erosion Potential Areas and Their Prioritization for Rehabilitation using a Modified Relative Erosion Potential Index In the Upper Bued River Watershed, Tuba, Benguet, Philippines.
    ( 2003) Flores, Ramon Antonio L.
    Evaluation of Soil Erosion Potential Measures indicates the suitability of using a rescaled Relative Erosion Potential Index (over USLE, RUSLE and MUSLE) in the Upper Blue River Watershed. 500 x 500m cell raster coding of average slope (in %, from quadrant search), land cover, and porosity (derived from soil type) enabled simple multiplication of average rainfall of the rainiest month, average slope, WRI-supplied values for soil type and land cover/use which gives rise to the Relative Erosion Potential (REP) index. Rescaling (from 0 to 1 for minimum and maximum) of the REP index facilitated statistical classification of the rescaled REP cell scores, resulting in the identification of 12 areas warranting priority work for rehabilitation. These 12 areas are marked by steep to very steep slopes (all >50%), grassland cover, and are dominated by porous soil types. Six of these areas, in order of priority, are within the watershed, namely Camp 6, NE Camp 5, SE PMA, NW Camp 4, East Camp 3, and NE Sto. Tomas areas. The other six areas lie outside of the watershed; Philex North, Philex Minesite, NW Sto. Tomas, Banget are mostly within the Philex mining operations where reforestation is ongoing. The Saddle and Acupan Areas are astride the Philex Road. Vegetative measures, such as tree species, especially those endemic to the area and suited to high elevation, steep slopes, thin, calcareous, lateritic or acidic soils are recommended. Vines and creeping plants, including bamboo and rattan which will hold and protect the soil from direct rainfall impact, retain moisture, provide organic matter, retard runoff, and provide products for domestic consumption and commercial use are also recommended. Simple engineering measures at smaller scales for runoff control such as check damns, wattling, fascines and slope protection such as riprapping are recommend if proven to be cost-effective relative to the value of the downstream sites to be protected. The methodology, as well as results of this study, can be improved with updated land cover data and consideration of soil loss potential due to mass movement. Results of this study are recommended to be disseminated and discussed with relevant stakeholders to hasten progress in mitigating soil loss in the area.
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    Contribution of the Aboveground Biomass of Talahib, Saccharum spotaneum L. to Soil Fertility Amelioration of Lahar-laden Soil
    ( 2003) Santos, Joseph U.
    This special project attempted to determine the contribution of the aboveground biomass of talahib to soil fertility amelioration of lahar-laden soil. This further quantified the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that the grass species contributes to the improvement of soil fertility. Three quadrats, which measured 3m x 3m, were established in a grassland community at the Ramon Magsaysay Technological University (RMTU), San Marcelino, Zambales. Three grass species were found thriving in the area: talahib (Saccharum spontaneum), hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) and Colopogonium sp. Among these, talahib yielded the highest mean biomass (dry weight) of 1,710 kg/ha followed by hagonoy with mean biomass yield of 100.9 kg/ha and Colopogonium sp with mean biomass of 50.9 kg/ha. The highest yield in biomass of talahib is due to the fact that it has the ability to establish itself in harsh conditions such as offered lahar. Specifically, this may be attributed to the ability of species to withstand drought and extreme temperature, the presence of its extensive, deep penetrating room system, which can reach an average depth of 42cm and the presence of underground rhizomes or stems. Likewise, the computed Importance Value (I.V) of each species suggested that talahib is the most dominant and the most important species in the area. It has an Importance value of 91.84% followed by hagonoy and Colopogonium sp with Importance Values if 5.42% and 2.74%, respectively. Based on the tissue analysis conducted, it was found out that talahib contains 0.85% nitrogen, 0.15% phosphorus and 0.68% potassium which when translated into kilogram per hectare, the grass species can contribute an approximate amount of 150 kg Nitrogen, 130 kg Potassium and 30kg Phosphorus. This implies that talahib can help enhance the soil structure and fertility of lahar-laden soil.
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    Soil fertility management practices in marginal soils at Bulusukan, San Idelfonso, Bulacan: an evaluation
    ( 2003) Balando, Tom, E.
    The study attempted to attain the following objective: To evaluate the soil fertility management practices in marginal soils at Bulusukan, San Ildefonso, Bulacan. Specifically, the study assessed the soil fertility management practices of BSWM-JICA techno-demo farms in the following areas of concern: a) phosphorus fertility b) nutrients dynamics c) optimal use of organic and inorganic materials d) interaction between microorganisms and plants. Results of the study show that the low fertility and productivity of marginal land can be improved by using appropriate soil fertility management practices. The soil phosphorus problem can be alleviated by using inorganic fertilizer like superphosphate. The loss of macronutrients like nitrogen and potassium through leaching can be reduced by using organic fertilizer alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer. The use of organic fertilizers in combination with organic fertilizers can also significantly increase the kernel yield of corn. Microorganisms like rhizobia used as inoculants can increase peanut dry matter yield, pod and seed weight especially in combination with soil ameliorants like rice hull and lime. Treatments with the higher application of phosphorus produced the highest yield.
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    Case Study of Coral Collection and Trade in Cordova, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines: Impacts and Options for Resource Management
    ( 2003-11) Reyes, Clarinda G.
    The study attempted to attain the following objectives: (1) to establish the existence of coral trade in the locality, (2) identify the reasons why fishermen, collectors and traders continue to harvest corals despite being illegal or prohibited by law, (3) explain the impacts of coral trade; and (4) present non-regulatory management options to address the problem. It was carried out between August and October 2003 in Barangay Day-as, Cordova, Cebu. Information was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary information was gathered from personal interviews of fishers, coral collectors and traders. Secondary information was gathered from literatures from government (i.e. LGU, BFAR) and non-government / non-profit organizations (i.e. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia and UNEP-WCMC). Furthermore, the data source that was used to assess the extent and dynamics of Philippine domestic and international trade of corals was the CITES Trade Database also known as Global Marine Aquarium Database (GMAD) managed by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. The data gathered were descriptively analyzed using percentages, frequency and ranges. As a result of the study, coral trade was found to exist in Barangay Day-As, Cordova, Cebu. Impacts of coral collection and trading were identified and categorized into environmental and socio-economic. The main reason given by the respondents for violating the law on coral collection was to acquire additional income, to augment their meager incomes from fishing, their major source of livelihood. This practice has significantly reduced coral resources in the area. The collection of corals in the area is faster than its recovery, the trade has caused significant environmental and socio-economic impacts and has led to unsustainable levels of fishing. Non-regulatory management options to include locally feasible livelihood options were laid out to address the problems or issues in Barangay Day-As and ease harvest pressure from coral reef ecosystem and resources.
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    Case Study of Coral Collection and Trade in Cordova, Mactan Island, Cebu, Philippines: Impacts and Options for Resource Management
    ( 2004) Reyes, Clarinda G.
    The study attempted to attain the following objectives: (1) to establish the existence of coral trade in the locality, (2) identify the reason why fishermen, collectors and traders continue to harvest corals despite being illegal or prohibited by law, (3) explain the impacts of coral trade; and (4) present non-regulatory management options to address the problem. It was carried out between August and October 2003 in Barangay Day-as, Cordova, Cebu. Information was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary information was gathered from personal interviews of fishers, coral collectors and traders. Secondary information was gathered from literatures from the government (i.e. LGU, BFAR) and non-government / non-profit organizations (i.e. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia and UNEP-WCMC). Furthermore, the data source that was used to assess the extent and dynamics of Philippine domestic and international trade of corals was the CITES Trade Database also known as Global Marine Aquarium Database (GMAD) managed by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. The data gathered were descriptively analyzed using percentages, frequency and ranges. As a result of the study, coral trade was found to exist in Barangay Day-As, Cordova, Cebu. Impacts of coral collection and trading were identified and categorized into environmental and socio-economic. The main reason given by the respondents for violating the law on coral collection was to acquire additional income, to argument their meager incomes from fishing, their major source of livelihood. This practice has significantly reduced coral resources in the area. The collection of corals in the area is faster than its recovery, the trade has caused significant environmental and socio-economic impacts and has led to unsustainable levels of fishing. Non-regulatory management options to include locally feasible livelihood options were laid out to address the problems or issues in Barangay. Day-As and ease harvest pressure from coral reef ecosystem resources.
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    The Recreational Value of Majayjay Falls
    ( 2004) Santos, Rodolfo Jr., B.
    The study aimed to determine the total recreational value of Majayjay Falls in Laguna. Specifically, it described the profile of Majayjay Falls in Laguna as a recreational site and its visitors estimated the total recreational value of the site using the zonal travel cost method (TCM) determined the willingness to pay (WTP) of visitors of the site determined the factors affecting WTP and came up with recommendations on the management of the site. Primary and secondary data were collected to describe the profile of the site and its visitors. Zonal TCM was employed to estimate total recreational value, while the contingent valuation method (CVM) was used to determine WTP. Multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the factors affecting WTP. Recreation in Majayjay Falls are as follows: (a) picnicking on the boulders around the area where the water drops, (b) swimming and dipping in the small natural pool at the site, and (c ) camping around the area near the picnic grounds. There were two types of visitors at the site: day trip visitors and overnight campers. Both day trip visitors and overnight campers came in large groups. Day trip visitors were relatively young, single and had an average income of less than PhP 8,000 a month. Most of them had less than 12 years of education (not beyond collegiate level) and their sex ratio was evenly distributed. On the other hand, overnight campers were younger, single and had an average income lower than day trip visitor. They also had a slightly higher number of years of schooling. The total recreational value of Majayjay Falls based on the TCM was estimated at PhP 35,867,443 with a consumer surplus of Php 6,096,040 in 2003. The total willingness to pay value to engage in recreation at the site was estimated at PhP 2,004,358 in 2003. Most visitors opined that the current level of entrance fee was appropriate and should not be increased than those who think overwise. The mean willingness to pay of day trip visitors was PhP16, which was higher than the current level of entrance fee for day trip visitors but lower than the suggested entrance fee of PhP20. The mean willingness to pay of overnight campers was PhP29 which was higher than the current level but lower than the legislated entrance fee increase of PhP 30 ordered by the municipal council of Majayjay. The significant predictors of willingness to pay for overnight campers were level of education (α = 5%) and income (α = 1%), while for day trip visitors it is age (α = 5%). The study came up with the following recommendations: (1) increase entrance fees to WTP levels and improve services with the additional income, (2) encourage local community control over resource management, and (3) for the Protected Area Management Board (PAMB) and the Protected Areas and Wildlife Services Unit (PAWS) to help the local community improve their capability for nature interpretation.
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    Diversity Assessment and Classification of the Natural Forest of The Los Baños Experiment Station, Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve, Philippines
    ( 2004) Castillo, Jose Allan A.
    An assessment of the floral diversity and classification of the natural forest of the Los Baños Experiment Station located in Mt. Makiling Forest Reserve was conducted. Quadrat Sampling Technique was used in the study. Data were subjected to Quantitative Structural Analysis, Similarity Analysis using Sorensen's Index (SI), Diversity Analyses using Shannon-Weiner Index and Equitability Index to estimate the level of plant diversity, degree of species distribution in each quadrat, species overlap and dominance , respectively. The species-quadrat matrix were subjected to Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) for classification of plant communities and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) for quadrat ordination. One hundred fifteen species belonging to 91 genera in 41 families of terrestrial plants were recorded. Family Moraceae is most represented with 13 species while Ficus is the most represented among the genera surveyed (9 species). The aggregate H' index of the station is 4.08182 and a J index of 0.86. Twelve species in the 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species were recorded. Two plant community types were identified: Swietenia macrophylla-Donax cannaeformis association and Diospyros philippensis-Shorea contorta association. Conservation-related implications are discussed and highlighted. Recommendations, in light of the findings, are presented.
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    Biomass Assessment and Carbon Sequestration Storage Determination of Acacia Mangium (Willd.) Plantation in Montalban, Rizal, Philippines
    ( 2004) Veran, Emmanuel Abdon T.
    The study designed to estimate the stem and root biomass stored in the plantation and at the same time determine C storage of the biomass and in the soil. The data were obtained from nine randomly selected plots with an area of 5m x 40m for biomass assessment and 1m x1m (within the 5m x 40m plot) plots for SOC analysis. For C analysis, there C pools were identified: the stem, the root, and the SOC. Based on these data, the total biomass accumulated amounts to 199.89 Mg/ha, where the stem biomass and root biomass accounts for 100.16 Mg/ha and 19.83 Mg/ha, respectively. It was also observed that the tree biomass accumulated the highest between age classes 5 and 7. On the other hand, the carbon content of the stem and root biomass are 45.07 MgC/ha and 8.92 MgC/ha, respectively. This is equivalent to 45.49% and 9% of the total carbon pool. Soil organic carbon accounts for 45.09 MgC/ha which is equivalent to 45.51 of the total C pool.
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    Assessment of the Reforestation Area at Crow Valley, Clarkfield, Pampanga.
    ( 2004) Aquino, Bolando Monje
    This study aimed at a thorough assessment of the PAF reforestation area at the Crow Valley, Clarkfield, Pampanga. Its primary objectives were to determine: (a) the suitability of the bio-physical condition of the area for forest production; (b) the acceptability of the PAF reforestation plan to the stakeholders; and © the feasibility of the PFA reforestation project. To achieve these, a map survey was conducted supplemented by an ocular inspection of the area. This was followed by a social survey through interview with the stakeholder's key personnel. Furthermore, a feasibility study was conducted based on a reforestation plan developed. Based on the biophysical assessment, the area is found suitable for forest production with its slope falling within 0% to 50% gradient and its elevation below 1000m asl. However, more than its productive use, the area needs rehabilitation because it is slightly eroded and its vegetation is basically covered with grasses with few patches of trees. On the socio-institutional assessment of the community in the area, the social survey revealed that the residents accepted the PAF reforestation project as indicated by their willingness to participate in the reforestation project despite no consultations made by PAF. However, the residents preferred that the project should not be contracted for fear that they would not be involved in forest management. If the PAF would pursue the project, it was assessed that it is financially viable based on a reforestation plan formulated that would address the current bio-physical and social-institutional concerns into a socially and environmentally acceptable undertaking. This is indicated by an NPV of 10% and 12% of P8.277M and P5.772M respectively, and an IRR of 23%. More than its financial returns, it was also assessed that the project could uplift the socio-economic life of the residents in terms of employment and livelihood benefits, and could improve the various environmental services like increased biodiversity, improved microclimate, increased water-generating capacity, among others.
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    Empowering the Stakeholders for Effective Protected Area Management: The Bulusan Volcano Natural Park Experience
    ( 2004) Boy-Navarro, Dorothea C.
    The study characterized the processes and experiences in promoting and enhancing stakeholder's participation in the management of the Bulusan Volcano Natural Park located in the Province of Sorsogon. Specifically, the study described the current status of the BVNP vis-a-vis the NIPAS Act, assessed PAMB performance, characterized the role and extent and form of participation of local stakeholders in BVNP management, identified the current capacity and constraints of the PAMB members and the requirements for developing an enabling environment and capacities to render the BVNP management a community-led system for ensuring genuine, committed and active involvement of people. A primarily descriptive-evaluative method was used involving PAMB members and DENR staff deployed in protected area work as main respondents. It was established that the PAMB is the venue through which issues and concerns of different sectors are raised, discussed and resolved, thus, ensuring stakeholder's participation. Nevertheless, it is not the only one nor the best structure, primarily because, the extent and form of participation in the PAMB is dependent on the “level of control” of the DENR and the DENR's and the PAMB member's definition and appreciation of the principle of participation. The PAMB can be facilitative of participation only to the extent that its members, the DENR, including, would want it to be participative. This implies the institution of other structures and mechanisms within the system that would allow for involvement of people in its decision-making and concrete protected area initiatives beyond the confines of PAMB's formal structure. These enabling conditions include the (1) provision of the required information and appreciation for the need for participation, (2) capability building inputs to create at the minimum, awareness of environmental issues and at the maximum, knowledge and capacities or skills to act upon environment issues and the (3) creation of structures through which people can articulate problems, needs and demands and eventually, take initiatives in forest protection, resource management and be benefited in the process. The third underlies the importance of an organized group, particularly PO or NGO, as a more effective mechanism for participation, a sort of parallel structure working closely with the PAMB, but can work autonomously. Ensuring stakeholder's participation also requires a review and the necessary changes at the policy level. The NIPAS, though mandating participation, maintained the prerogatives of power and the resources of decision-making in the DENR, leaving the PAMB and PASu with limited powers and resources to be equal and capable partners in environmental planning and protected area management. Moreover, the participation clause in the NIPAS and its IRR equates participation to merely “consulting or being consultative” without clear prescriptions, leaving the definition of participation open to wide interpretation. There is also lack of clear prescription and therefore, no proactive program on public awareness raising and capability building (including protected area staff) which are the pillars of community organization and participation.
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    Characterization of the Roosting Sites of the Golden Crowned Flying Fox (Acerodan jubatus), and Giant Philippine Fruit Bats (Pteropus vampyrus) and their Effects on Dipterocarp Forests
    ( 2004) Breganza, Edwin O.
    This study dealt with the characterization of the roosting sites of the Golden Crowned Flying Fox (Acerodan jubatus) and Giant Philippine Fruit Bats (Pteropus vampyrus) and their Effects on Dipterocarp Forests. In determining the causes of morality in White Lauan (Shorea contorta) at the bat roost area, physical observation and soil physico-chemical analysis were done. Likewise, the physico-chemical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference on the soil nutrient in both roosting and control plants. Hence, this finding confirms that bat droppings may not be the cause of death of the White lauan trees. Vegetation structure in the bat roost area is significantly different from that in control plots or non-roost areas. Such findings accounted for the limited number, size and maturity of plant species found in the roost area. On the other hand, the roost area can be considered as disturbed forest with the presence of the young regenerants and gaps formed by dead trees which drive the bats to move to the inner part of the forest. Overhanging of the bats on the branches and twigs that results in bio defoliation of trees is a suspected contributor factor in the mortality of the White lauan.
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    Financial and Economic Feasibility of Limiting the Area of Seaweed Farming in the Coastal Zone of Arena Blanco, Zamboanga City
    ( 2005) Vinarao, Reivin T.
    The general objective of the study was to determine the financial and economic feasibility of area limitation as a form of management to regulate the congestion of seaweed farming establishment in the coastal zone of Arena Blanco in Zamboanga City. The specific objectives were to: (1) estimate the cost associated “with” and “without” area limitation management; (2) estimate the benefits associated “with” and “without” area limitation management; (3) determine the indicators of financial and economic feasibility; and (4) recommend appropriate coastal zone management practice. Primary and secondary data were used in the study. Primary data collection was conducted last March, 2004. The financial feasibility of seaweed farming with and without area limitation was computed using a one-hectare seaweed farm area. On the other hand, the economic feasibility of area limitation was determined in the context of the general society. Data were extracted from all of the seaweed farmers, fishermen and navigators of Arena Blanco in Zamboanga City. The study employed simple random sampling in collecting data from the community. People residing at the coastal zone of Arena Blanco were considered as the sampling frame population. A total of 146 respondents were randomly selected for the interview. Key informants were identified to provide relevant information on the following topics: (I) feasibility of seaweed farming, (ii) activities and associated costs relevant to the implementation of area limitation, and (iii) associated costs and benefits of area limitation to navigation. Results of the study revealed that the benefits generated with the proposed seaweed farming area limitation far outweigh the benefits generated without the area limitation in financial and economic terms. Sensitivity analysis of the financial feasibility study reveals that a 30 percent decrease in seaweed price or production will make seaweed farming not feasible financially. On the other hand, even if there will be an increase in production costs of seaweed farming at 30 percent, seaweed farming will still be feasible financially. Results of the study can be used as a basis for policy recommendation of the management of the coastal zone of Arena Blanco to continuously provide benefits not only to the major coastal resource users but also to the community as a whole.
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    Problems Associated with Adoption of Pili (Canarium ovatum, Eng) As Cashcrop in Barangay Simamla, Virac, Catnduanes, Philippines
    ( 2005) Magtañob, Lisa P.
    Problems and the corresponding solutions associated with the adoption of pili, (Canarium ovatum, Eng) in Barangay Simamla, Barangay Simamla, Virac, Catanduanes in the Bicol Region were investigated. Likewise, the socio-economic factors affecting the adoption and acceptability of pili as a cash crop was also studied. Data were collected through personal interviews with key informants and active observation on pili adoption in the area. The study revealed that the major problem in pili adoption is the non-acceptance of pili as a major cash crop by 94 residents of the barangay. This is due to lack of information and education regarding the value and potential of pili as a cash crop. The farmers claimed that they lacked training on the technical aspects of pili adoption such as proper timing of outplanting, care of the newly out planted seedlings, provision of water impoundment to un-irrigated areas to counter the effect of the long dry season and provision of shelterbelts to protect the seedlings from strong winds during the typhoon season. Non-access to credit facility to defray the expenses for the inputs during the pre-fruit bearing years was also cited as one of the problems. Correlation analysis on the rate of outplanting and survival rate vs. the annual income of the key informants showed no significant relationship between each factor. This indicates that annual income has no influence on the successful adoption of pili. Some intervention actions and further study on the cost and benefits of growing pili intercropped with the major crops grown in the area and the potential of pili as a rehabilitation species for the denuded areas in Virac, Catanduanes are proposed.
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    An Evaluation of the Community-Based Forest Management Project in Catubig, Northern Samar Using Criteria and Indicators
    ( 2005) Sarmiento, Camila C.
    This study assessed the accomplishments of the Catubig Watershed Rehabilitation Subproject in Catubig, Northern Samar in terms of the bio-physical or resource use development, socio-economic and institutional development using relevant criteria and indicators modified from the DENR Memorandum Circular 2001-04. A combination of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations through field visits of sample plantations, and review of project documents and other related literatures were used in gathering data. Results of the study showed that the people's organizations, in partnership with DENR were able to reforest and develop a total of 2433.95 ha of formerly logged-over and degraded area. Of the total reforested, 48.81% is in Catubig and 51.19% is in Las Navas. Only three (3) forest species were adopted in reforestation, namely: toog (Combretodendron quadrialatum), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) with toog being the most dominant forest tree species. Survival rates of planted species in both reforestation and agroforestry were high with mahogany as the best performing among forest tree species while abaca as the most potential among agroforest tree species. Difference in the growth of forest tree species in Catubig and Las Navas was attributed to the varying age of planting stocks during establishment. For, agroforest tree crops, on the other hand, the difference was attributed to varying soil fertility in plantation sites and the degree of care and maintenance. Project participants benefited from the CBFM project through increased income derived largely from the different CSD activities during the peak of the Catubig subproject implementation. The communities covered by the Catubig subproject likewise benefited from the CBFM project through various support facilities and services extended by the people's organizations (CAPWA and HIREDERA) and the Catubig Subproject. Both CAPWA and HIREDERA, as people's organizations were capable of sustaining the CBFM area management. Using the DENR modified criteria and indicators, the Catubig subproject have successfully rehabilitated and developed the CBFM area management. Using the DENR modifies criteria and indicators, the Catubig subproject has successfully rehabilitated and developed the CBFM area, benefited the participating households and communities, and enhanced the capability of CAPWA and HIREDERA to manage a sustainable basis the CBFM area awarded them.
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    Development of an Integrative Policy Framework for the Mt. Isarog National Park
    ( 2005) Cabaces, Boy Randee C.
    Policies and programs on protected areas that are supposed to guide local and site-based conservation and management efforts are often formulated by outside experts. For this reason, conflicts during implementation are usually encountered. Hence, the need to harmonize such policies and programs to ensure their effective implementation. The study aimed to attain the following objectives: (1) to review the policies, programs, plans and projects impacting the protection management of the Mt. Isarog National Park (MINP) in Camarines Sur, Philippines; (2) to identify possible areas of complementation among these policies, programs, plans and projects; (3) to identify areas of conflict and other key issues among these policies, programs, plans and projects that could hinder or constrain management activities in the park; and, (4) to develop a policy framework for integrating the various policies, programs, plans and projects bearing on the management of the MNP to ensure effective management and active involvement of stakeholders. The study involved a review of a number of policies and programs deemed to impact on management and protection efforts in the MNP. These included the MNP General Management Plan (200-2004), National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992, Indigenous People's Right Act of 19997, Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997, and Bicol Regional Development Framework (2001-2004). The subsequent analysis of policy focused on identifying key issues both in the content as well as in the process of implementing these policies and programs. Such issues were validated through key informant interview with stakeholders and protected area experts. Additional issues and inputs were likewise solicited from the selected respondents. Based on corresponding specific recommendations, an integrative policy framework was developed. Results of the study revealed policy conflicts with regard to development thrusts and protected area management frameworks. Due to these conflicts, management activities and planning processes were disjointed and uncoordinated. The study also validated findings of previous researches showing the limitations of decentralized protected area management framework provided in the NIPAS law. Implementation of current policy framework demonstrated dominance of national government agencies and planners in local protected area management bodies and processes. In the case of the MINP, the above structure hindered the development of a more participatory and site-based approach to protected area management. Thus, the study recommends an integrative policy framework that will harmonize current thrusts and perspectives on development and protected area management. Consequently, management plans and processes a the local and regional levels will be integrated. The end-goal is a co-management strategy that calls for a more decentralized decision-making and planning system within the MINP. Such system would allow local government units and empowered sectors to take greater and more substantial roles in protected area management.
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    An Evaluation of the Reforestation Project in Basilisa, Dinagat Island, Surigao del Norte.
    ( 2005) Digal, Ian Cantero
    The study was conducted to (1) describe the physical characteristics of the Basilisa Reforestation Project; and (2) assess the performance of the planted species in terms of survival and early growth. The project's land area was delineated using Global Positioning System (GPS) and its hectarage was computed with the aid of Geographic Information System (GIS). A full (100%) accounting of 5-year old planted species was conducted. The trees were measured in terms of diameter and total height. Soil samples were randomly collected at the site for textural and chemical analyses and soil depth was determined by soil profiling. Secondary data on rainfall and temperature and published literature on the species' site requirements were gathered from different agencies and sources. Actual site conditions were compared to the seedling's physical requirements to attest to the site's suitability. About 1,075 trees of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), mangium (Acacia mangium) and narra (Pterocarpus indicus) were accounted for a survival rate of only 24%. About 88% of the accounted trees were species of mahogany. Mangium had the highest survival rate of 28%. The lack of maintenance, the incidence of fire, and a series of landslides were among the major reasons for the high mortality rate of the planted seedlings. Mangium had the biggest diameter and highest height among the planted seedlings. Its diameter and total height ranged from 5 cm – 23 cm and 4m – 14 m, respectively. Mahogany had an average diameter of 3.77 cm and an average total height of 2.82 m, while narra had an average diameter 3.71 cm and total height of 3.04 m. Narra seedlings were intercropped in between rows of mahogany while seedlings of mangium were planted in clusters. Open spaces measured a total of 1,080.12 square meters. In general, the physical characteristics of the site favored the growth of mahogany, mangium, and narra seedling. However, the soil in the area was inadequate for the optimal growth of the seedlings. Moreover, the project was a failure due to the non-completion of its proposed area and the absence of appropriate silvicultural management practices.
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    Assessment of the Proposed National List of Philippine Plants Based on the Habitat Classification System of the Philippines
    ( 2005) Caringal-Pangga, Imelda
    The study assessed the proposed list of protected plants based on habitat classification of the Philippines. A total of 446 species of plants are included in the list of which 205 are endemic species. From the 13 habitat types known in the country, only eight habitat types were inhabited by the species in the list. All the identified centers of plant diversity were represented. A total of 37 species were considered as critically endangered with 30 Philippine endemic and seven non-endemic. These species belong to four families. The distribution of 37 critically endangered species were mapped over the protected area map and centers of plant diversity. Four families were represented by the critically endangered species. These are Apocynaceae and Lauraceae (1 each), Sapindaceae (4) and Dipterocarpaceae (31). Of all species listed as critically endangered, only Guioa parviflora was found outside the center of plant diversity. It is found in Ilocos Norte. However, Ilocos Norte has one protected area which is Paoay Lake and three Watershed Forest Reserves (DENR-PAWB, 2003). Hence, conservation of G. parviflora is assured. It is not sufficient to include the species listed in the IUCN and CITES lists. Recommendations were formulated on how to improve the list and other criteria for including a species in the list were likewise identified. The National List of Plants including their characteristics were converted into the Biodiversity Information Sharing Service (BISS) Editor for easy editing and updating of vital information for the list. Continuous meeting of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee is needed to edit and to finalize the list.