FMDS Student Papers

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Research outputs by graduate students of the Faculty of Management and Development Studies.

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    A Case Analysis of the Bungkalan Practice in an Upland Community From the Perspective of Agroecology Movement
    ( 2023-03-20) Alonzo, Lia Mai T.
    The farmers have the highest poverty incidence among all sectors in the Philippines. They have also been greatly affected be the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the farmers of Lupang Ramos in Dasmariñas City, Cavite were able to get through the two years under the pandemic with enough food supply for their community. They point to agroecology as a social movement as the key factor. However, their community is still facing a decades-old land dispute which has threatened their access to land where they live and farm. The study therefore aims to analyze how the farmers in Lupang Ramos used agroecology to address the issues faced by their community. Particularly, it aims to describe issues on land tenure and food production, and the current agroecology practices being used by the local organization in the bungkalan (communal farm system) to bring about positive change while focusing on agroecology as a social movement. The study was a descriptive research, particularly a case study, which gathered data using key informant interviews and documents review. The results showed that the farmers are still facing threats of eviction with the distribution of Certificate of Land Ownership Awards still and the National Grid Corporation Project still pending. Also, there were three aspects of agroecology as a social movement that was harnessed by the farmers through the bungkalan campaign of their organization Katipunan ng mga Lehitimong Magsasaka at Mamamayan sa Lupang Ramos (KASAMA-LR), the transformation of dominant agricultural systems through organic farming, focus on food producers issues and rights through legal and other forms of mobilizations to assert their right to land and farm inputs, and collective action through the mobilization of their community and external organizations and institutions. With this, it can be concluded that the bungkalan campaign embodied agroecology as a social movement which resulted in the increase of food production and access to land. It is recommended that a quantitative study on the improvement of food production after the bungkalan be conducted as well as the other aspects of agroecology to deepen the understanding of this field and help improve the situation of other farmers. Keywords: agroecology, social movement, sustainable agriculture, collective action
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    A Comparative Study on the Management of Marine Protected Areas Between the Philippines and United Arab Emirates (UAE)
    ( 2009-12-15) Sumastre-De Los Santos, Nenita F.
    This special problem sought to compare how MPAs are being managed in the two states which are geographically apart and politically and culturally different. The comparative study focused on the Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park (TRNMP) for the Philippines and the Marawah MPA for United Arab Emirates (UAE). Both MPAs were assessed in terms of their biophysical attributes to include the biodiversity resources and how they are managed. The study relied on secondary data gathered especially in the case of Tubbataha. In Marawah, secondary and primary data were collected. In the comparative analysis, both the effectiveness and inefficiencies of MPAs in the Philippines and UAE's were evaluated. Lessons gained in implementing MPAs were also assessed. The basis for comparison included policy and institutional arrangement, enforcement measures and research and development activities. Broad comparative features between the two sites were presented. Tubbataha Reef Natural Marine Park, is a pair of true coral atoll formations in the Philippines situated at the very center of Sulu Sea. Its unique coral formations are the major reasons why it was declared as one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. Meanwhile, the Marawah MPA covering an area of about 425,500 hectares was established in 2001 and boasts of its rich coastal and marine resources including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves. The MPA hosts 60 percent of the world's dugong population. It is also an important habitat for the critically endangered Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the endangered Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas). About 5 percent of the world's population of the vulnerable Socotra cormorant (Phalacrocorax nigrogularis) use Marawah MPA as their nestling site. In 2007, the Marawah MPA was declared as UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The strength of Tubbataha's management lies in four contributory factors which proved to be critical to its management success namely: (1) investment in systems, (2) information backed by hard science; (3) stakeholder involvement and commitment and (4) resilience. For Marawah, its financial sustainability was the major contributory factor to its success. Unlike in UAE, a number of national legislations, specific administrative orders and local directives govern TRNMP. Although the legal basis of Marawah's operations management is based on the number of federal laws related to the marine and coastal environment including regional and global environmental agreements, underwent a series of development to be implemented. This study recommends that collaboration among various stakeholders should be continued. Integration of community participation, environmental education, economic incentives, and long term institutional support from government, NGO and academe offers a good formula for an MPA to succeed as exemplified by Tubbataha. To ensure sustainability, financial stability needs to be assured. Periodic monitoring of resources should be conducted to determine the changes through time of various marine resources to support an appropriate management scheme for the MPA.
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    A Qualitative Analysis on Ecological Solid Waste Management within Brgy. Alicia, Quezon City Amidst Covid-19 Pandemic
    ( 2023) Holgado, Cherry Winsom F.
    COVID – 19 pandemic has altered the lives of the people across the globe. Due to lockdowns and social distancing, the delivery of basic urban services was disrupted, including the disposal of solid wastes. As such, this research is conducted to: (1) Conduct comparative analysis on the solid wastes generated before and during the COVID-19 pandemic within Brgy. Alicia, Quezon City; (2) Identify the good practices being implemented at the barangay level; (3) Assess the possible gaps of the policies at the barangay/local level related to proper solid waste management in response to the COVID-19 pandemic; and (4) Formulate the recommendations for the effective waste management in Brgy. Alicia, Quezon City. The data gathered through interviews, fieldwork, and observations were analyzed and this study has found that an effective and efficient solid waste management is not only centered on technological advancements but also institutional, economic, environmental, and socio-cultural linkages to allow the whole system to work. Further, acknowledging the informal economy is a significant step towards the formation of a localized solid waste management policy in which the concerned stakeholders are highly participating. This interaction will create a purposeful dialogue among them to catalyze inclusive solid waste management and improve the lives and livelihoods of those that are involved during the post-COVID period. Lastly, issues in relation to waste management is linked to the people’s way of living that evolves through time and the continuous search for a better life. Solving waste management problems do not only cover environmental concerns but also economical, social, and behavioral concerns.
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    All Hands on Deck: The Roles of the Philippine Navy on Environmental Security The Case of the Tubbataha Reef Natural Parks
    ( 2015) Pascua, Arturo S. Jr.
    Philippine Navy installations are strategically located all over the country, and are oftentimes the only authority figure in the area. Hence, this puts them in a position to help out in the protection of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). Last January 17, 2013, the Tubbataha Reef Natural Park (TRNP) was devastated with the grounding of the USS Guardian, a United States Navy Minesweeper vessel. Nearly three months after the said incident, F/V Ming Long Yu, a Chinese fishing vessel got stuck on the North Atoll on April 8, 3013. These devastations reflect a breach of the legal framework for the establishment and management of protected areas in our country by virtue of Republic Act 7586 otherwise known as the National Integrated Protected System (NIPAS) Act of 1992. The composite law enforcement team in the TRNP is composed of four personnel from the Philippine Navy, two from the Philippine Coast Guard, and two from the Tubbataha Management Office. The MPR enforces the TRNP Act in the park and make up the first line of authority. This qualitative research aims to determine the roles of the Philippine Navy (PN) in the protection of MPAs, particularly the case of Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP), in terms of compliance and enforcement activities. This is anchored on the principle of environmental security, which is concerned with relative safety from environmental change caused by natural or human processes due to ignorance, accident, mismanagement or design and originating within or across national borders (Ullman, 1983). This is one of the six branches of non-traditional national security threats together with International Terrorism, Trans-national Organized Crime, Illegal Migration, Energy Security, and Human Security. It is a fact that at present, there had been several violations that have occurred in the waters of TRNP, and it is the major concern of this study to find out the roles played by the Philippine Navy in serving as vanguard of the environment on the extent of enforcement and compliance to the law. A series of interviews were conducted to determine the roles of the Philippine Navy in the protection of the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park. Different stakeholders were selected as key informants. Results showed that environmental law enforcement has always been part and parcel of their duties and responsibilities and that the Philippine Navy has always been a partner in the management of the TRNP since its conception. But it does not mean that the Philippine Navy cannot offer more and it would be a mistake if the full potential of the Navy would not be utilized in the protection of the TRNP. Civil-Military Operations (CMO) is one of the core competencies of the Philippine Navy and is usually conducted as part of reaching out to communities to gain their support and minimize interference in the conduct of their mission. Conducting frequent CMO, purposely to educate (Information, Education, Communication) the local populace on environmental protection would be a good contribution for the management/conservation effort. For the compliance and enforcement effort, the Philippine Navy could help by conducting more frequent patrols in the vicinity of the Park with close coordination with the TMO, Local Government Unit, or the People’s Organizations in the area since their mere presence in the area had already been a deterrent on illegal activities.
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    An Analysis of Personal and Institutional Factors Affecting the Research Productivity of General Surgery Training Programs in the Philippines
    ( 2024) Lim, Ida Marie T.
    Research as an essential part of surgical training and healthcare systems has helped shape health policies and contributed to the overall improvement of health outcomes and the quality of healthcare. Although research has been required in surgical training programs which are unique R&D organizations and potential collaborators in the nation’s strategic STI framework, there is a general perception that research productivity has not been fully optimized with very few research getting to be published and utilized. The surgical training programs’ knowledge of facilitators and barriers to research productivity can help implement measures to motivate the institutions and their trainees to engage in relevant research which can contribute to the Philippine Development Plan (2023-2028). In line with the Philippine Development Plan, and in support of Pagtanaw 2050, this study seeks to determine personal and institutional factors which promote research productivity among General Surgery trainees as an initial step towards improving R&D within the surgical community.
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    An Assessment of Plant Diversity and Conservation Status in the Province of Batangas
    ( 2014) Diona, Senda Z.
    The objective of this study was to assess the plant diversity and conservation status in the province of Batangas. The study found 751 plant species classified into 139 families in the province of Batangas. The most number of species belong to family Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Meliaceae, Graminea, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and the Lamiaceae. There were 55 threatened species (12 critically endangered, 11 endangered, 32 vulnerable) in the Batangas province. The main threats to biodiversity conservation and its underlying causes were identified as well as conservation strategies and recommendations. Mt. Banoy and the Municipality of Lobo were strongly recommended to be declared as protected area based on the result of this study. It was also recommended to have continuous research to get the total assessment of the conservation status of the province.
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    An Assessment of the Influence of Forest Management Agreements, Log Production, Provincial Income Class, And Slope on Philippine Forest Change From 2000 To 2021
    ( 2023-05-19) Cameña, Keith, D.
    This study discusses the impact of four variables on stable forests, forest loss, forest gain, and forest disturbance. It used multiple regression analysis to predict the forest change based on (1) the land area covered by Integrated Forest Management Agreements in 2010, (2) log production in 2010, (3) provincial income class, and (4) the share of land area over 18 percent slope. The results showed that only two variables, provincial income class and share of land area over an 18 percent slope, significantly impacted the prediction of stable forests. Additionally, only one variable significantly impacted the prediction of forest loss, and only one variable impacted the prediction of forest gain. Two variables significantly impacted the prediction of forest disturbance. Overall, the study provides insights into the factors that affect forest change in the Philippines and the importance of considering multiple variables when analyzing the impact of human activities on forests. The findings can inform policymakers and stakeholders in deciding on forest management and conservation in the country.
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    An Assessment of the Solid Waste Management Practices in the Upland Communities of Cebu City
    ( 2022) Prieto, Esa Ione S.
    Cebu City, a highly urbanized city in the Philippines, has portions of its boundaries being part of one of the highly significant landscapes in the Philippines, the Cebu Central Protected Landscape (CCPL). Because the city has limited flatlands, developments are encroaching vertically on the uplands. The uplands could be threatened with solid waste issues, which could harm the CCPL. The Philippines has RA 9003 in response to these issues. An assessment of the current waste management practices of residential and commercial areas in the uplands was done to check if the upland communities abide by the provisions of RA 9003. The assessment became a basis for formulating strategies to reduce waste. Information was collected through questionnaires and interviews through convenience sampling. Due to convenience sampling, the study can serve as a pilot on solid waste management studies in Philippine uplands. Overall, the residential and commercial sector respondents have shown outstanding efforts in treating solid waste through proper segregation and employing other waste reduction techniques like composting.  However, initiatives at the barangay level need improvement.
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    An Evaluation of the Community-Based Forest Management Project in Catubig, Northern Samar Using Criteria and Indicators
    ( 2005) Sarmiento, Camila C.
    This study assessed the accomplishments of the Catubig Watershed Rehabilitation Subproject in Catubig, Northern Samar in terms of the bio-physical or resource use development, socio-economic and institutional development using relevant criteria and indicators modified from the DENR Memorandum Circular 2001-04. A combination of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations through field visits of sample plantations, and review of project documents and other related literatures were used in gathering data. Results of the study showed that the people's organizations, in partnership with DENR were able to reforest and develop a total of 2433.95 ha of formerly logged-over and degraded area. Of the total reforested, 48.81% is in Catubig and 51.19% is in Las Navas. Only three (3) forest species were adopted in reforestation, namely: toog (Combretodendron quadrialatum), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) with toog being the most dominant forest tree species. Survival rates of planted species in both reforestation and agroforestry were high with mahogany as the best performing among forest tree species while abaca as the most potential among agroforest tree species. Difference in the growth of forest tree species in Catubig and Las Navas was attributed to the varying age of planting stocks during establishment. For, agroforest tree crops, on the other hand, the difference was attributed to varying soil fertility in plantation sites and the degree of care and maintenance. Project participants benefited from the CBFM project through increased income derived largely from the different CSD activities during the peak of the Catubig subproject implementation. The communities covered by the Catubig subproject likewise benefited from the CBFM project through various support facilities and services extended by the people's organizations (CAPWA and HIREDERA) and the Catubig Subproject. Both CAPWA and HIREDERA, as people's organizations were capable of sustaining the CBFM area management. Using the DENR modified criteria and indicators, the Catubig subproject have successfully rehabilitated and developed the CBFM area management. Using the DENR modifies criteria and indicators, the Catubig subproject has successfully rehabilitated and developed the CBFM area, benefited the participating households and communities, and enhanced the capability of CAPWA and HIREDERA to manage a sustainable basis the CBFM area awarded them.
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    An Evaluation of the Reforestation Project in Basilisa, Dinagat Island, Surigao del Norte.
    ( 2005) Digal, Ian Cantero
    The study was conducted to (1) describe the physical characteristics of the Basilisa Reforestation Project; and (2) assess the performance of the planted species in terms of survival and early growth. The project's land area was delineated using Global Positioning System (GPS) and its hectarage was computed with the aid of Geographic Information System (GIS). A full (100%) accounting of 5-year old planted species was conducted. The trees were measured in terms of diameter and total height. Soil samples were randomly collected at the site for textural and chemical analyses and soil depth was determined by soil profiling. Secondary data on rainfall and temperature and published literature on the species' site requirements were gathered from different agencies and sources. Actual site conditions were compared to the seedling's physical requirements to attest to the site's suitability. About 1,075 trees of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), mangium (Acacia mangium) and narra (Pterocarpus indicus) were accounted for a survival rate of only 24%. About 88% of the accounted trees were species of mahogany. Mangium had the highest survival rate of 28%. The lack of maintenance, the incidence of fire, and a series of landslides were among the major reasons for the high mortality rate of the planted seedlings. Mangium had the biggest diameter and highest height among the planted seedlings. Its diameter and total height ranged from 5 cm – 23 cm and 4m – 14 m, respectively. Mahogany had an average diameter of 3.77 cm and an average total height of 2.82 m, while narra had an average diameter 3.71 cm and total height of 3.04 m. Narra seedlings were intercropped in between rows of mahogany while seedlings of mangium were planted in clusters. Open spaces measured a total of 1,080.12 square meters. In general, the physical characteristics of the site favored the growth of mahogany, mangium, and narra seedling. However, the soil in the area was inadequate for the optimal growth of the seedlings. Moreover, the project was a failure due to the non-completion of its proposed area and the absence of appropriate silvicultural management practices.
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    Analysis of problems Affecting the Biñan River System in Laguna
    ( 2006) Castillo, Judith F.
    The study aimed to evaluate problems prevailing in the Biñan Micro-watershed's further degradation. Review and assessment of available documents combined with Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were undertaken in order to identify issues and problems. Planning tools such as Problem Tree, Solution Tree and Strategy Analysis were all used to analyze the problems and formulate possible strategies. Results revealed that the deteriorating quality of water in the Biñan Micro-watershed. Siltation/sedimentation, pollution and rapid increase in population were all regarded as the major contributing factors to the deteriorating quality of the river. Three (3) strategies which include integrated waste management, soil and water conservation strategy and advocacy were identified to help arrest the deteriorating quality of Biñan River system.
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    Analysis of the Ecotourism Potential of the Pagbilao Mangrove Experimental Forest.
    ( 2006) Gendrano, Ma. Cecilia Leonor M.
    The research was conducted to evaluate the potential for an ecotourism management approach for the continued protection of the Pagbilao Mangrove Experimental Forest, a 145-hectare 30-year old secondary growth mangrove forest reserve, believed to significantly contribute to fisheries, wildlife, and environmental education. The study aimed to (1) determine the value of the benefits derived from the forest reserve, (2) estimate the willingness to pay of its visitors, and (3) assess the available physical, human resources and institutional capacity relevant to support ecotourism opportunities for the area. The study site is located in two adjacent barangays in Pagbilao, Quezon, namely Ibabang Palsabangon, where the Pagbilao Mangrove Experimental Forest is located and Pinagbayanan, where the potential of the community to provide ecotourism services for the mangrove reserve is assessed. The study used secondary data to show the economic importance of the said forest reserve, and visitors' survey to highlight its educational and ecological tourism importance. The willingness to pay survey was also used to determine the potential revenues that can be generated for conservation purposes, and potential livelihood opportunities that can be created for the local community through ecotourism. Ocular survey was likewise employed to know the physical capacity to accommodate visitors. Semi-structured focused-group discussions integrated in a workshop and interviews were conducted in order to determine the available human and institutional capacity which can be pertinent in implementing ecotourism plans for the mangrove reserve. Information on the community's seasonal pattern was also generated from the local residents, which provide indicators on the availability of the human resource capacities in various times of the year. The survey revealed that most of the visitors, 80 percent of them composed of students, visit the reserve for educational reasons. A significant number of student visitors are likewise likely to originate from areas more than 50 kilometers away while earning visitors are more likely to be from nearby localities. The survey also showed that close to PhP 138,000 in a year can be generated from visitors which can be utilized not only for conservation but also as a source of livelihood opportunities for the local community. The study confirmed that the same community can already participate in minimal eco-tourism services such as food retailing and in providing boat rides to visitors. The local community is also willing to undergo various capability enhancement programs in order to be better equipped to participate in ecotourism activities. The local government can provide the necessary policy support to start community involvement in the conversation and management of the said forest reserve, and to institutionalize collection of user fees to generate conservation funds. This study recommends that in order to continuously manage the highly diverse mangrove reserve and maintain its economic value, participation of local groups such as the community living near and around the mangrove reserve and the local government unit should be encouraged and welcomed by its current management body, the Quezon Ecosystems Research and Development Center (QERDC) of the Department of Environmental and Natural Resources.
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    Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Coastal Environment of Cavite City Bays.
    ( 2008) Ardeza, Marvin Ernacio
    The study dealt with direct impacts of developmental projects and fish pen operation on coastal bays that surround Cavite City. It identified the indirect contribution of educational orientation to the existing condition of the said bays. Since the city is experiencing regular flooding, deteriorated potable water supply and decline in volume of fish catch by local fishermen, there is a need to mitigate factors that cause these ecological problems. A review and analysis of data and local government reports determined the possible effects of purposed project integrated in the City Comprehensive Land Use Program (CLUP). Impacts of expanding aquaculture activities in Bacoor Bay were likewise established based on observations and interview. The study presented the status of environmental education (EE) in local district schools and colleges. Results of the study were used in determining the comprehension of ecological matters. It was also used to relate the behavior of Caviteños towards the natural environment. The city's aim to be highly urbanized has entered into economic activities, which pose detrimental impacts along the coastal waters of Manila Bay, Bacoor Bay and Cañacao Bay. Scenarios that are expected due to commercialization efforts in the city include: land reclamation activities in bay areas, increase illegal squatting in the coastline, prevalence of oil spill from shipping vessels, wastewater discharges from industries, and decrease in supply of potable water due to huge amount of water consumed to a manufacturing industry. Likewise, proliferation of fishpen has resulted in the loss of traditional fishing grounds for local fishermen and navigational lanes for waterborne vessels. It could have also caused eutrophication and water pollution. Due to jurisdictional dilemma and lack of personnel from the municipal agriculture's office, proliferation of fish farms in Bacoor Bay was not controlled. The city also lacked an ordinance regulating fish farm operations. Meanwhile, based on results of the survey in San Sebastian College Recoletos De Cavite, most of the students had limited understanding of environmental concerns and existing ecological issues. This holds true for both students with EE and without EE. Furthermore, teaching abilities of public school science teachers teaching EE should also be improved. They do not have the professional background/training necessary to be able to teach the subject. They are not aware of the current issues concerning environmental degradation. Further evaluation of CLUP projects needs to be implemented to prevent continued deterioration of the three (3) coastal bays. This is to ensure that it will not only enhance the economic and social well-being of every individual but also promote a healthy environment. A council composed of different sectors of society will be tasked to facilitate the evaluation to improve implementing guidelines of CLUP. To integrate environmental concerns in the development framework, exposure to other developmental programs must be encouraged. This is to observe how sustainable and efficient these projects will be and determine their strengths and weaknesses. Proper coordination between the municipal agriculturists is needed to delineate the jurisdictional boundaries of Bacoor Bay. Efficient regulation and monitoring activities of fishfarms can be achieved if the concerned area is properly identified to prevent jurisdictional conflict. The Sangguniang Panglungsod needs to pass an ordinance to provide the municipal agriculturists with legalities in regulating the fishfarm operations. Tapping the local fishermen to assist in the conduct of monitoring activities can relieve the problem of lack of personnel. Volunteer fishermen can be given incentives and allowance in return for the services rendered. Since environmental education is severely lacking in tertiary schools in the city, it is recommended that this subject be integrated in every course curriculum. The content of EE should attain the objective of skills development to enable students to be engaged in work-related environmental problems as they practice their future profession. Teaching capabilities of EE teachers/instructors should be improved through workshop/ trainings. A standard workbook can also be developed, which will guide students to have better appreciation and understanding of the limits of the environment.
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    Analysis of the River Area Morphology and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Change of Padada River Davao del Sur for 2010 & 2020
    ( 2023) Sasuman, Mary Louise J.
    The current socio-economic development and urbanization have caused the loss of the threshold value of balance between the human and nature relationship. This scenario is altering ecosystem functions as a by-product of land use activity. This study aimed to analyze the river area morphology, and land use land cover (LULC) change between two temporal points – 2010 and 2020 of the Padada River in Davao del Sur. Specifically, the study identified the locations with significant changes in the river and the interventions and activities which caused these changes. Furthermore, this paper reviewed the proposed local resolution for lifting the identified "no extraction zone." The researcher used Geographic Information System, Remote Sensing Technology, and paired t-test to analyze the river area within the three-kilometer meandering distance upstream and the five-kilometer meandering distance downstream from the river's main dam. The result showed a statistically significant difference in the river area morphology of the Padada River between 2010 and 2020. The surface area increased by 294,978 sq m upstream and 414,370 sq m downstream. It is recommended that the prohibition of quarrying activities remain absolute and valid until the river naturally reaches its equilibrium state to ensure the integrity and safety of the Padada RIS main dam that provides livelihood and sustains food production and security in the province.
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    Assessing the Relationship Between Nitrogen Oxides and Ground-Level Ozone in London
    ( 2024) Libres, Hilbert M.
    This study analyzes the interrelations among ambient air pollutants – NO, NO2, and O3 – across London’s four air quality monitoring stations representing urban background, suburban, roadside, and rural area areas. The dataset covering the study period from 2012 to 2022 was sourced from the London Air Quality Network (LAQN). Using the R programming language and the openair package, hourly concentrations were explored and examined, revealing daily, weekly, seasonal, and annual patterns. Diurnal variations indicated that NO and NO2 concentrations increased with increasing road traffic, while O3 consistently peaked mid-day, highly influenced by solar radiation. The ozone weekend effect, where O3 levels are significantly higher compared to weekdays, was notable in stations located in urban areas. Mean concentrations of O3 were found to peak in late spring, possibly attributed to various factors such as heating emissions and stratospheric ozone intrusion. Regression analysis showed significant decreasing trends in annual mean concentrations of NO and NO2 across all four investigated stations over the study period. This reduction is associated with the active implementation of strategies and actions to curb emissions from the road transport sector across London. Due to declining NOx levels, O3 concentrations for the past decade have shown a significant increase. The findings suggest a need for review and refinement of the emission control strategies in London, taking into account the complex relationship between NOx and O3. Further research into ozone weekend effect, seasonal influences, and the impacts of urban heat islands and climate change could inform targeted policies or regulations for air quality improvement.
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    Assessment of Abaca Disease Management Project of Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority in Manito, Albay
    (Zenodo, 2022-11-07) Barquilla, Clark B.
    Abaca farming is one of the major sources of income for farmers living in the four barangays of Manito, Albay consisting of Balasbas, Buyo, Cawayan, and Nagotgot. Unfortunately, this livelihood is threatened by the spread of abaca diseases such as abaca bunchy top, bract mosaic, and abaca mosaic which the mosaic has been one of the major factors contributing to decreased crop productivity. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Abaca Disease Management Project of the Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority in Manito, Albay based on the gathered secondary data and field interviews. The socio-demographic profile of the respondents was gathered to understand its correlation with farmers’ perception of whether the project is effective or not. The impacts of the project are discussed specifically the socio-economic, gender equality, social capital, and other impacts. Out of 125 farmer-beneficiaries, 57 abaca farmers were interviewed. It was found that the ADMP conducted by PhilFIDA in Manito, Albay was effective in controlling and eradicating abaca diseases. The majority of farmers interviewed believed that ADMP was successful. The major contribution of the project to the farmer’s household increase in fiber harvested, families enabled to send their children to school and abaca farming became their major source of income. Women had an equal chance to participate in community organizations. The number of farmer-beneficiaries attending the training and skill development like training on abaca disease control and eradication and livelihood training on abaca fiber processing increased. Respondent’s role in abaca farming had a high and middle degree of correlation to the increase of abaca fiber harvested, and also to the perceived success of the project. The increase in abaca fiber harvested by the farmers had a positive correlation to their perception that ADMP would be a successful project. However, the status of ownership of the land being cultivated, the size of the farm, the age, the sex, the civil status, the education, and the number of children of the farmers had no correlation to the increase of abaca fiber harvested and to the farmer’s perception on the success of the project. The results of the study could be valuable for the implementing agency and local government unit in reviewing their project implementation, management, and policy-making.
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    Assessment Of Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) Peatland’s Resilience to Climate Change, Socio-Economic, And Environmental Stressors by Estimating Soil Surface Moisture Using Remote Sensing
    ( 2024-05-05) Enriquez-Balidoy, Shaira
    This study focuses on assessing the resilience of peatlands within the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (AMWS) to climate change, socio-economic activities, and environmental stressors, with a specific emphasis on soil moisture dynamics. Using remote sensing techniques, the study evaluates changes in soil surface moisture following the sanctuary's boundary expansion in 2018. Additionally, it identifies and analyzes the top stressors affecting peatland resilience, considering factors such as climate change, socio-economic activities, and environmental degradation. The results reveal an increase in moisture levels within the Marbon Peatland area and fluctuations in moisture distribution within the Caimpugan Peatland area. The study highlights soil moisture as the primary indicator of peatland resilience, supported by factors such as temperature anomalies and illegal activities such as cutting of trees and timber poaching, and land conversion. Moreover, it underscores the significant impact of socio-economic stressors on AMWS, comprising 34% of total threats, while climate change and environmental stressors also contribute substantially 23% and 27%, respectively. The findings suggest that addressing these stressors is essential for enhancing the resilience of peatlands in AMWS. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for the development of conservation and management strategies to safeguard the peatland ecosystem within the sanctuary.
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    Assessment Of Environmental Policies And Ordinances Towards Sustainable Tourism In Sagada, Mt. Province
    ( 2024-01-24) FALCONI, MICHAEL FRANCIS DEVILA
    Philippines has various national laws and local policies protecting the environment and natural resources. As a nature based tourism destination, such as Sagada, Mt. Province, these policies are used as ways to effectively manage the environment and preserve natural resources. In Sagada environmental-related policies are also applied however lack of ordinances and guidelines about issues such as zoning, sale of land, and other environmental practices are still observed bringing more threat to its tourism industry (Dulnuan, 2003). With the shift to sustainable tourism management in one of the most popular upland ecosystems in the country, the study aims to: a) collate all existing environmental policies and ordinances relevant to tourism management in Sagada, Mt. Province; b) assess the effectiveness of the existing environmental policies through identifying the opportunities, hindering factors, and challenges of its implementation; and c) identify environmental policies that need to be established relevant to sustainable tourism management in Sagada, Mt. Province. KII was conducted for MLGU Sagada and local community stakeholders while KAP surveyed through google forms for tourists. Data gathered was assessed and analyzed through the UN SDGs and UNWTO Sustainable Tourism for Development Guidebook partnered with SWOT Analysis. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques and analysis procedures were used through frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Various environmental-related local policies aligned with the national laws are in place that are focused on the conservation, preservation, and protection of natural and cultural heritage partnered with good strategies for information and dissemination. However, some aspects need to be considered and strengthened. KAP of the Tourists have shown high over-all ratings with significant correlation between each aspect but Practice of tourists shows implementation needs to be strengthened, same with the assessment gathered from MLGU and tourism stakeholders. Overall, Sagada has the majority of the needed aspects in place - policy and development plans wise - towards sustainable development. It’s recommended to strengthen the implementation, reinforcement, monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of the policies and plans through stronger coordination and collaboration with its tourism stakeholders.
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    Assessment of Looc Marine Sanctuary Management: A Case Study of Management Effectiveness using MPA-MEAT in Looc, Romblon
    ( 2014) Seposo, Xerxes T.
    Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are tools in promoting the health of coastal and marine resources through sustainable means of protection and management. MPAs in the country buffer the loss of heavily exploited species thereby allowing an increase in yields and consequently the reduction of conflicts in fishery stakeholders. Looc is a coastal municipality located in the Province of Romblon. Its Bay serves as a fishing ground for its 12 barangays, with nine located near the coastline and the remaining three as non-coastal. With the increasing programs, projects and activities geared in enhancing the marine protected areas, there is a need to assess the management effectiveness of Looc Marine Santuary. This was done in this study using a Philippine-tailored fit assessment tool known as MPA-MEAT (Marine Protected Area – Management Effectiveness Assessment Tool) (CTI-CFF, 2009) together with other tools such as key informant interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and survey questionnaires. Results showed that the Looc Marine Sanctuary was effectively strengthened with a 59 cumulative score of Level II thresholds reached. The strength of the Sanctuary was in the enforcement and paralegal aspects (100%) as well as community participation (100%). The gaps included the lack of organized filing system for updating (loss of component percentage – 23% from Management Plan and 10% from Management Body), lack of enhanced IEC campaigns for innovation (14%) and the lack of a clear, detailed and routine internal performance monitoring for management effectiveness (44%). The results of the study suggest that management gaps can be met through a comprehensive and timely internal assessment of benchmarked management deliverables augmented with an innovative IEC which would clearly indicate the mission of the MPA.
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    Assessment of Reef Fish Community Structure of Carenahan Fish Sanctuary, Balayan, Batangas.
    ( 2006) Dones, Ramon Y.
    This study assessed the community structure of reef fishes in small, community-based fish sanctuary in Barangay Carenahan, Balayan, Batangas, in terms of abundance, density, species diversity and evenness, biomass and potential yield to determine the status of the sanctuary three years after its establishment. Results of the study were compared with previous studies done in the area to discern changes in the community that may suggest success or failure of the management strategies and actions applied in the area. Two other sites with potential for protection were likewise assessed using the same parameters used in Barangay Carenahan. One is located in NPC jetty and was previously reported to have high potential to be set as a reserve. The other one is being proposed by the locals as a marine reserve in Barangay Palicpican. Underwater fish visual census was done in three transect sites in the Carenahan sanctuary, two transect sites in NPC jetty and one transect site in Barangay Palicpican using scuba. Result of the survey in the Carenahan sanctuary yielded a total of 930 individuals, 70 reef fish species belonging to 24 reef fish families. For Palicpican and NPC jetty, a total of 163 individuals belonging to 22 species and 13 families and 856 individuals belonging to 76 species and 24 families, respectively were recorded. The biomass estimates of fish species in Carenahan, Palicpican and NPC jetty were 18.7, 67.5 and 22.6 g/m2, respectively. Among the three sites, Palicpican had the highest potential yield value of 0.10 tons/km2/year while Carenahan and NPC jetty both had 0.03 tons/km2/year potential yield value. Of the three reef fish categories, target fish species had biomass estimates of 12 g/m2 representing 47 percent of the total average biomass of fish in the three sites. Shannon-Wiener Diversity index value for the Carenahan sanctuary and NPC jetty was 1.4 while palicpican had only 0.95 which indicates high diversity in the two sites. This study observed an increase in species diversity, density and biomass for all three reef fish categories for all sites vis-avis NPC study conducted by Hilomen et al,. (2003). The reef fish assemblage in Carenahan sanctuary has improved after three years under official protection. The information generated in this study will form a baseline for the future from which to analyze the impact of the establishment of the fish sanctuary and marine reserve in the community.