FMDS Theses and Dissertations

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Theses and dissertations by graduate students from the Faculty of Management and Development Studies.

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Browsing FMDS Theses and Dissertations by Title

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    A Comparative Assessment Of Philippine And Vietnam Strategies In The South China Sea Conflict Management
    ( 2023-11-14) Laguerta, Rex Marion C.
    This study examines the interactions of intra-Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) actors, their strategies, and actions, and offers a conceptual framework to explain current attempts at territorial contestation in the South China Sea (SCS). The conceptual framework attempts to apply a multidimensional management framework to the SCS claims by ASEAN and China. Vietnam has effectively used the multidimensional management framework in its strategies in the SCS and offers valuable lessons to other ASEAN co-claimants, including the Philippines. The strategies of both Vietnam and the Philippines manifest state-to-state channels of interaction. The correspondence between Vietnam’s strategy to the rest of the ASEAN member states indicates the deployment of supra-state-to-state level of interactions. Positive and negative factors interact in the ASEAN Way of Conflict Management as shown by the Vietnamese experience. It is imperative for the ASEAN to strengthen its dispute settlement mechanisms while strengthening the rules-based order based on member states’ interests. An in-depth comparison of Philippine and Vietnamese SCS strategies has shown a strong basis for cooperation in harnessing the SCS energy and marine resources. In 2016, the arbitral tribunal adjudicating the Philippines' case against China in the SCS ruled overwhelmingly in favor of the Philippines. In contrast, Vietnam used hedging tactics. These actions indicate a diversity in strategies for smaller countries such as Vietnam and the Philippines to counterbalance pressure from big countries. Future studies should be able to fine-tune the use of mixed quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the impact of SCS strategies on possible concerted synergized actions. Joint strategies should strengthen and mutually reinforce naval defense capabilities or management of fisheries and marine resources. These potential areas of cooperation based on mutual interest are barely addressed in the literature. The Philippines can develop a more robust strategy and management framework to support the independent foreign policy articulated by the Philippine administrations. The Philippine SCS strategy should be able to protect and assert its sovereignty and national interest, over and beyond the pressures of Sino-American bipolarism.
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    A Culturally-Congruent Sexuality Education Content for Adolescents in Legazpi City
    ( 2012) Mirandilla, Ma. Elma L.
    This study generated age-appropriate, culturally congruent sexuality education content for adolescents 10-18 years old. It identified topics for each key concept designed for age categories: 10-12, 13-15 and 16-18 years old. The proposed sexuality education content was based on the consensus among teachers through three rounds of Delphi Technique using UNESCO’s International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education. The consensus on key ideas and topics was supported by significant perceptions of local experts gathered through one-on-one interviews. The research was conducted in Legazpi City. All six key concepts and topics of the Technical Guidance were found acceptable across all age categories except for several key ideas. The key concepts include: Relationships; Values, Attitudes and Skills; Culture, Society and Human Rights; Human Development; Sexual Behavior; and Sexual and Reproductive Health. Probable reasons for excluding some key ideas under various key concepts may be ascribed to the attitudes of adults specifically, prohibitive silence and adultism. Teachers and key informants in this study believed that children were too young to understand and that providing them information will provoke curiosity and entice them to engage in sexual activity. Pursuing a culturally-sound and age-appropriate sexuality education content is indispensable at this time of globalization when adolescents are drawn close to reproductive health risks primarily due to their lack of information on their sexuality. Thus, an appropriate and comprehensive sexuality education program is a significant preventive strategy.
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    A Descriptive-Correlational Study of Health Literacy among Urban Poor Settlers with Hypertension
    ( 2023-12-11) Martinez, Rammell Eric C. ; Oruga, Myra D. ; Bonito, Sheila R. ; Castillo, Eleanor C. ; Guevarra, Jonathan P.
    Hypertension is a global killer. Although it affects older people, some studies have implied that hypertension affects even youth and children (Joubert et al., 2021; Jones et al., 2020; Kandala et al., 2021). Non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors contribute to hypertension. Most of the time, those in the low-income class are more at risk of getting the disease due to an unhealthy lifestyle and socio-ecological exposure. In addition, studies suggest that health literacy is associated with hypertension. The research will discover the association between health literacy and other factors influencing poor urban settlers with hypertension. A descriptive-correlational study design was employed. The research setting was an urban poor community with the possibility of a high prevalence of hypertension. Purposive sampling, typical case sampling, and maximum variation sampling were employed. A survey questionnaire was utilized to capture the prevalence of hypertension, socio-demographic, and health literacy data. The data were analyzed according to the research objectives, utilizing frequency distribution, descriptive statistics, and measures of association. The UPOU-FMDS and UPOU-IREC approved the research after the thesis panel had reviewed it. A total of 151 participants were included in the study. Most were female, and the median age was 62 years old. More significant risks were seen among individuals 60 and older with low educational status and employed individuals with HPN and low health literacy. The risk of hypertension is lower for individuals with high health literacy. Health literacy research is becoming more popular in the public health and social science communities. The study proves that health literacy and hypertension are correlated. Low health literacy is a risk factor, and those with high health literacy can manage their health; thus, they have a low risk of hypertension. Preventing hypertension in urban poor settings needs an integrated approach model in the continuum of health promotion, prevention, and primary care.
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    Achieving Ecological Sustainability Through A Geospatial Assessment of Urban Landscapes: A Case Study of Metro Manila
    ( 2023-01-23) Paredes, Ulysses Nolan C.
    The compact city model has been an accepted alternative to urban sprawl. However, the densification of cities has led to a loss of urban green spaces, which provide important ecosystem services such as health benefits, climate regulation, and recreation opportunities. This study focuses on the dynamics of landscape change in Metro Manila from 1992 to 2022, using spatiotemporal analysis and remote sensing technology. The study found that there is an overall loss of urban green spaces in Metro Manila, with 77.69% of the city being composed of impervious land cover and 16.15% being pervious cover with urban greens and vegetation, and 4.27% is water. Much of the undisturbed vegetation are within the region’s protected landscapes and private parks and golf courses. Environmental variables such as NDVI show a decrease (-0.03) in the average vegetation health and an increase in the average land surface temperature (+1.60°C) highlighting the urban heat island. The study presents how a low-cost rapid assessment of urban green spaces in Metro Manila can be achieved to identify and map changes in the landscape, understand the drivers of change, and introduce appropriate interventions and management paradigms to enhance the city's resilience in the face of climate change. It is essential to have objective environmental assessment and territorial planning and decision-making stages to consider the needs of the landscape and improve the quality and quantity of urban green spaces.
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    An Assessment of Nurse-Patient Communication in a Tertiary Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain
    ( 2018) Rodriguez, Smitha Shalet
    Title: An Assessment of the Nurse-Patient Communication in a Tertiary Hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain Introduction: An integral part of nursing care is effective communication. It improves the relationship between the nurse and the patient, and it results in better treatment and improved quality of care (Tay, Ang, & Hegney, 2012). Every aspect of communication is influenced by the differences in culture. Cultural competence gives an opportunity for the healthcare professionals to know the different cultural beliefs related to health and to incorporate awareness into diagnosis and treatment planning. Data Collection: The descriptive correlational study was conducted in medical and surgical in-patient units of King Hamad University Hospital, Kingdom of Bahrain in 2018. The questionnaire consists of two parts: a demographic profile and the Self-Administered Communication Survey. The factors affecting nurse patient communication were categorized into Common barriers, Nurse-related barriers, Patient-related barriers and Environmental barriers. A total of 78 nurses and 75 patients took part in the study. Results: The main barriers to the nurse-patient communication from the nurses’ point of view were cultural differences between nurse and patient, differences between the language of the nurse and the patient, nurses’ lack of time and opportunity to communicate well with the patients, patients’ negative attitude towards the nurse, presence of patient’s companion, and presence of a very sick patient in the department. The main barriers to nurse-patient communication from the patient’s perspective were age difference between nurse and patient, interference of the patient’s companions, busy environment of the unit, and inappropriate environmental conditions (lack of proper ventilation, fluctuating temperature, inadequate lighting, unpleasant odor, etc.). Conclusion: Analysis of the factors influencing the communication is the basic step in resolving communications issues between nurses and patients. A good solution to be communication problems cannot be established without taking into consideration both the patients’ and nurses’ views of communication. Understanding and accepting the Islamic values and beliefs are essential in communicating and delivering care for Muslim patients. Development of broader knowledge of Arabic culture is important for all health care professionals who deliver care in the Middle Eastern on Arabic region. Recommendations: The study recommends development of effective nurse-patient communication protocols and policies in the hospital and establishment of Arabic language and communication skills training for nurses.
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    An Assessment of the Coverage, Boosters and Barriers of the Out-patient Therapeutic Care for Severe Acute Malnutrition in Albay Province, Philippines
    ( 2021) Calleja, Arlene P.
    Background: Severe acute malnutrition prevents a child from developing normally and increases mortality risk. It remains to be a major global health problem in children under 5 years of age. The community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) is a nutrition intervention aimed at the early diagnosis and management of these children at the community level through the provision of therapeutic foods coupled with facility-based management for those with medical complications. In 2015, the Philippine Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (PIMAM) program was established to manage acute malnutrition in Filipino children of less than 5 years of age. Evaluating coverage which is one of the important indicators of CMAM program performance as well as identifying its boosters and barriers were imperative. The study aimed to assess the coverage, boosters, and barriers of the PIMAM Out-patient Therapeutic Care (OTC) in the province of Albay, Philippines. Methods: This is a mixed method explanatory sequential research design adopting the Semi-Quantitative Evaluation of Access and Coverage (SQUEAC) tool. Accrual period was from January 2019 to present. Collection and analysis of quantitative routine program data from all the cities and municipalities of Albay followed by qualitative data collection through community assessment, key-informant interviews, informal group discussions and directly observing OTC processes were done. A small area survey to validate hypotheses regarding areas with high or low coverage was subsequently conducted. Results: Analyses of secondary routine program data showed that only two out of the 18 cities and municipalities in Albay had complete program data where Municipality C had high coverage and Municipality K had low coverage in 2019. Qualitative methods identified the main boosters to program coverage which include (1) support from the Local Government Unit and the Municipal Health Officer; (2) presence of a well-trained OTC personnel; (3) OTC services are made available at the barangay level; (4) provision of door- to-door screening, follow-up and dispensing of nutrition commodity; (5) community health workers’ willingness to learn and be trained; (6) supervision of the community health workers by the OTC personnel; (7) presence of community mobilization practices; (8) support of the barangay council; (9) acute malnutrition is not stigmatized; and (10) caregivers’ awareness and acceptance of the PIMAM program. Barriers on the other hand appeared to be more significant which include (1) limited budget from the Local Government Unit; (2) Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) stockouts; (3) inadequate number of trained OTC personnel; (4) gaps in anthropometric measurements; (5) insufficient community mobilization; (6) community health workers’ lack of knowledge and training on PIMAM; (7) community’s lack of knowledge on malnutrition and the PIMAM; (8) caregivers’ laziness and indifference on their child’s condition; (9) RUTF feeding difficulties; and (10) COVID-19 pandemic stopped community mobilization and OTC admissions. The small area survey results showed low coverage in both near and far barangays in Municipality C. Conclusions and Recommendations: The study was able to present the level of PIMAM implementation in the different municipalities in Albay and was able to evaluate program data completeness and accuracy. Boosters can be considered as groundworks where opportunities to strengthen program access coverage rest. Barriers which validate coverage failure shall be addressed such that bridging gaps and augmenting inadequacies, together with adaptations to program protocols must be prioritized for an effective program implementation. The unavailability of RUTF and the COVID-19 pandemic could have explained the low coverage in both near and far barangays in Municipality C in the small area survey. The study therefore recommends the following: (1) provide measures to improve program data quality; (2) strengthen ownership of the PIMAM program by the Local Government Unit; (3) increase the number of PIMAM-trained personnel; (4) intensify OTC services at the barangay level together with the training of the community health workers on PIMAM; (5) increase the number and quality of community mobilization activities; (6) address shortage of RUTF; (7) consider program adaptations to PIMAM implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic; and (8) more research on the evaluation of the PIMAM in other regions of the country.
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    An Assessment of the Implementation of the ASEAN Cosmetic Product Notification Scheme: Focus on the Philippines
    ( 2018) Olivar, Vanessa O
    Cosmetics as a consumer good is gaining an importance in the lifestyles of Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) consumers. The experience of competition in ASEAN cosmetics has given impetus to contribute to the promotion of regional economic integration. The aim of the study is to assess the benefits, outcome and impact of the regulatory scheme agreed by the ASEAN Consultative Committee on Standards and Quality-Cosmetic Product Working Group (ACCSQ-CPWG). The ASEAN Economic Ministers signed the Agreement on the ASEAN Harmonized Cosmetic Regulatory Scheme (AHCRS) at the 35th ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting in Cambodia in September 2003. The objective of the ASEAN Cosmetic Directive (ACD) is to provide the framework for the harmonization and mutual recognition of the Standard, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment Procedures (STRACAP), to eliminate unnecessary Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). Through a questionnaire survey of key cosmetics industry players in the Philippines, the study generated primary data to analyze the impact of the ACD. The study also collected secondary data and information to support the analysis. The study obtained copies of relevant Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issuances, reports, slide presentations, and visited related websites on cosmetics. Library research was done to collect copies of ASEAN Secretariat Reports and minutes of the ASEAN Cosmetic Committee (ACC) meetings, standard source of industry information such as Euromonitor international. The study was supplemented by emails, non-structured interviews and communications with past and current delegates to ACCSQ-CPWG and/or ACCSQ-ACC. The respondents in the survey confirmed significant milestones and accomplishments, benefits and impact after 10 years of implementing the cosmetic online Product Notification (PN, the e-Notification, by the Philippine FDA and the rest of the ASEAN Member State (AMS) National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs). The study has the following conclusions: a) The ACCSQ-CPWG successfully designed the ACD PN scheme to eliminate TBT. b) ASEAN member countries through their respective NRAs have established online PN systems, which increased efficiency in processing time. The Philippine FDA instituted the most efficient e-Notification system in ASEAN. c) The cosmetic industry sector was instrumental in ensuring ASEAN regulatory harmonization. d) The cosmetic industry significantly benefited in terms of ease of doing business in the region and accessing the international market, advancing globalization. e) Up to this time, cosmetics is one of the most developed and earliest among the successfully regulated industry in ASEAN, showcasing the benefits and advantages of harmonization of standards, procedures and regulatory mechanisms in ASEAN. f) Consumers are the ultimate recipient of the benefits and advantages of the ACD PN System. g) ASEAN harmonization of STRACAP is possible when the public and private sectors cooperate and collaborate to ensure that free trade is sustainable in the region. h) Trade data and trends point towards sustained growth and development of the cosmetic industry sector and the ASEAN market. By ensuring participation of the NRAs, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)-ACCSQ accomplished not only an increase in ASEAN trade in cosmetics, but also established a greater degree of assurance of consumer safety and welfare. The study is recommending key points towards a proposed strategic action plan to further promote and achieve a Single Regulatory Regime for ASEAN on cosmetics. The proposed action plan will further sustain the initial gains during the 10 years of implementing the ACD PN.
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    An Ode to Unheralded Heroism: The Volunteer Nurses’ Experiences in the Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan
    ( 2016) Ballecer, Jasper Joseph C.
    Disaster events are extraordinary healthcare practice settings. Healthcare provision in these scenarios require extensive competencies and adaptability from healthcare workers. Involvement in these efforts have increased, as supranational initiatives in disaster response has caused the influx of volunteer disaster healthcare workers. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of volunteer disaster nurses in the aftermath of typhoon Haiyan using Colaizzi's (1978) Model to gain an understanding on the experience. Nine volunteer nurses who served immediately after the typhoon hit the central Philippines in late 2013. with each representing specific fields of specialty within nursing practice, were selected purposively as participants. The study's findings yielded five themes: Motivation, Realities of the Volunteer Disaster Nurse Experience, Coping while Caring, Leaving a Mark, and A Journey towards Self-discovery. Motivation was the source of the decision to help. It was also the driving force for volunteers to go through the obstacles and cope effectively. Once this has been successfully achieved, the nurses gained learnings and reflections both as human beings and as health professionals which in turn, renewed their altruism. These findings can be used by healthcare workers. educators, and health policy-makers on the practical side to promote the well-being of disaster healthcare workers by being more cognizant to their problems, challenges, and motivations. The study's findings can also be a jumping point for more in-depth inquiries and/or investigations in other disaster settings.
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    Anxiety, Depression and Coping Strategies Among Adult Post Myocardial Infarction Patients
    ( 2014) Tamon, Ma. Siony B.
    This study was conducted to determine the level of anxiety and depression in patients with cardiovascular problems. This study was conducted (1) to determine the level of anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction (2) to determine relationship of anxiety on age, sex, gender, civil status, educational attainment and perceived social support (3) to determine relationship of depression on age, gender, civil status, educational attainment and perceived social support and (4) to determine the coping strategies information seeking or problem seeking among cardiac patients. This study utilized a descriptive correlational design. This was conducted at the Out Patient Department (OPD) of Philippine General Hospital over a 12 week or 3 month period. There was a total of 121 respondents (M= 51.02, SD= 8.52) for this study. Majority is from age groups of middle to late adult (35.5, 34.7). Both males and females have the same proportion (49.6, 50.4) and married predominated (80, 60.1) in this study. Less than a half (57, 47.1) were high school graduates. The perceived social support has a mean of 66.55 (SD= 3.43). The findings of this study showed that there is no significant relationship between anxiety on the following variables: age (r= - -0.10, p>.05 and perceived social support (MSS) (r= o.16, p>.05), civil status (x2=2.44,p>.05), educational attainment ((x2=1.65,p>.05) and perceived social support (r= 0.16, p>.05). Patients commonly incorporate venting of feelings and denial as their coping strategies. Adult post myocardial infarction patients had high level of anxiety which corresponded to previous literatures but the depression level was low among patients.
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    ASEAN Member States' Natural Disaster Approach: A Discourse Analysis of AMS Speeches Performed in Intergovernmental Fora and Conferences
    ( 2022) Saludadez, Lorena Jean
    Multiple hazards intersect in the Southeast Asian region, making it extremely susceptible to natural disaster occurrences. Due to the significant loss of life, livelihood, and infrastructure ASEAN Member States (AMS) experience, Southeast Asia has been placed under careful scrutiny by the international community. Existing literature generally have a critical discourse on the region’s approach to natural disaster management. Although these criticisms are valid, they are devoid of the contextual realities faced by the region. Throughout the discussions, the “voice” of the AMS is muted. This research, therefore, is interested in uncovering this muted voice by emerging the AMS discourse in their natural disaster approach. This study answered the following questions: (1) How is natural disaster in the ASEAN region discursively constructed? and (2) What are the consequences or outcomes arising from the construction of “natural disaster” in the ASEAN region? In its analysis, this study utilized discourse analysis as operationalized by Gee (1999). Language and thoughts are inextricably intertwined. As such, examining discourse is one way of affecting and accessing social reality. Through analyzing AMS speeches performed in intergovernmental fora and conferences, this research uncovered three distinct themes in the AMS’ discourse on natural disaster, (1) Climate Change and Natural Disaster Events are Intertwined, (2) Southeast Asia as the Victim, and (3) the West as the Offender, and their corresponding consequences, (1) Southeast Asia sees the International Platform as a Space Where They Need to Lobby their Natural Disaster Experience, (2) Southeast Asia as a Constrained Actor in Dealing with Natural Disaster, and (3) Southeast Asia is Seeking Accountability from the West. The results of this study suggest the need for stronger consensus-building with the international community in seeking accountability from the West for the natural disaster challenges they have created.
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    ASEAN Women Cultural Workers in the Film and Theater Industry and Their Role in Addressing the Negative Societal Impacts of Traumatic Historic Events: The Case of Cambodia and Indonesia
    ( 2022-12-27) Sanijon, Trisha Janine Y.
    Southeast Asian societies are marked by traumatic histories: from the period of colonization, the brutal struggle for independence, the painful, nascent stages of nation-building, to oppressive dictatorships and murderous regimes. Even as these nation-states continue to forge ahead through these histories, the wounds from particularly painful episodes, such as mass killings and atrocities perpetrated by one’s own countrymen, continue to change the societies and citizenship in complex and profound ways This can manifest as intergenerational trauma, wherein the collective trauma that the society experienced remain unaddressed and is transmitted from one generation to the next. Artists and cultural workers play a key role in providing an avenue for deconstructing the histories of past political violence and restoring the severed social bonds from these events. The focus on women cultural workers is because women have played a central role in “preserving and passing on the traditions, languages, and (daily) practices from one generation to the next and in maintaining family and community relationships” (Card, 2003, p. 76). This is especially significant since traumatic events like genocide cause disruption or, in some cases, a major rupture in family and communal relations. Thus, the women cultural workers in Indonesia and Cambodia may play an important role in addressing the negative societal impacts of the Indonesian Anti-Communist Purge (1965-66) and the Khmer Rouge genocide (1975-79).
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    Asean Youth Participation In Asean Heritage Tourism: A Symbolic Interactionism Study
    ( 2023-07-28) Chen, Annie Joy S.
    The youth’s point of view on heritage tourism is the starting point for promoting heritage protection and urges one another to be responsible and address the environmental issues. Significantly, their participation and involvement can strengthen heritage protection (Devianto et al., 2019) This study understands the view of ASEAN Youth participation in ASEAN Heritage Tourism using qualitative study through Symbolic Interactionism framework. Symbolic Interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals use signs or symbols to create shared meaning between themselves and others. The researcher conducted interviews with 6 ASEAN youths coming from Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia because the main focus is the youth’s experience in their respective ASEAN countries using semi-structured data where results were transcribed and coded for emerging themes. Three research questions guided this study: 1. What does heritage tourism mean to ASEAN youth; 2. What are the ASEAN youth's involvement and participation in heritage tourism; 3. What framework for heritage tourism in ASEAN can be proposed that is inclusive of youth’s involvement? For the youths visiting heritage sites is a means for “traveling", "knowing history" with a form of "appreciating architecture" and "educating oneself". The youths participated as active volunteers, advocates and aware of the impact of the ASEAN movement on society, regional development, and for future generations. This provides a balanced view of the youth’s contribution and participation to ASEAN heritage tourism and contributes to ASEANOLOGY in the use of sociological frameworks and methodology like Symbolic Interactionism.
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    ASEAN-Japan Security Cooperation: Specific Focus on Vietnam and Indonesia Cases
    ( 2024) Jeldi, Bahman
    The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has emerged as a significant, successful regional organization that aims to promote peace and stability in Southeast Asia since its formation on August 8, 1967 (Mahiwo, 2013). After the ASEAN Charter was adopted in 2007, "One Vision, One Identity, One Community" became the organization's official motto. This study examines the cases of Japan-Vietnam and Japan-Indonesia cooperation within the context of ASEAN’s security cooperation for the purpose of illustration. From the 1950s through the 1980s, Southeast Asians worried that Japan was attempting to dominate the region and saw Japan's defense capabilities as a sign of the resurgence of militarism. However, the majority of ASEAN countries today appear to support Japan's contributions to regional and global security. As a result, enhancing their strategic and security cooperation with Japan in the new period will be extremely beneficial to both the ASEAN and Japan (ASEAN Secretariat, 2019). Japan is particularly interested in enhancing security cooperation with ASEAN, and its strategy is multi-layered and multi-dimensional, with its bilateral and multilateral engagements increasingly diversified. The overseeing of security cooperation between its members and with outside major powers, especially Japan, is the responsibility of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Japan is stepping up security cooperation with ASEAN and member countries to counter China’s behaviour. The literature on Japan and ASEAN also provides credence to the notion that Japan is becoming recognized for its objectives by other nations through cooperation with regional organizations and bilateral relations. It is further supported by original source documents from ASEAN, ASEAN forums, Indonesia, and Vietnam, all of which identify North Korean missile and nuclear activity as a source of instability in the region. This study emphasizes that due to the changing international balance of power, enhancing ASEAN-Japan collective security cooperation will safeguard their mutual benefits. Also, this study proposes that Japan is an ideal candidate for ASEAN to strengthen its security cooperation. Thus, it is essential to understand how Vietnam and Indonesia strengthen their security collaboration with Japan. This study attempts to find answers to three questions that are viewed from a qualitative perspective. How do Vietnam and Indonesia cooperate with Japan with respect to security matters? What, if any, factors shape the security mechanisms between Vietnam and Indonesia, and Japan? How may security cooperation between Vietnam and Indonesia, on the one hand, and Japan, on the other hand, be enhanced? The subject position in this study is qualitative in nature. This study collects and analyzes non-numerical data, including text, video, or audio, in order to better comprehend the research topic. As a result, the study utilizes qualitative and comparative analysis methodologies. These techniques enable us to identify specific characteristics by comparing similar and dissimilar features. The study collects data via desk review. The finding of this study is that security cooperation with Japan significantly enhances the security and economic growth of Indonesia and Vietnam and will also result in enhanced security and economic growth for the ASEAN member states.
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    Assertiveness and Self Esteem Among Nurses in a Tertiary Hospital in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
    ( 2021-04-22) Santiago, Leika
    Assertiveness and self-esteem are essential elements of good communication in the nursing profession. Along with competent nursing technical skills and knowledge, these significant factors impact delivery of high-quality care. Nonassertive behavior and low self-esteem have been observed among nurses working in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The aim of this study was to describe the level of assertiveness and self-esteem among these nurses and examine the relationship between assertiveness and self-esteem. Quantitative non-experimental descriptive correlational design was utilized in this study. Demographic data, Assertive Behavior Inventory Tool (ABIT), and Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale (RSE) data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test and Pearson's correlations were used to test relationships among variables. Results show that 100 nurse respondents were moderately assertive with a mean score of 75.61, and with moderately high self esteem showing a mean score of 21.08. Overall results showed that assertiveness has low positive correlation with self-esteem at 0.00 level of significance (r- 0.31). Nurse respondents that are older, Indians and African, nurses who are working in the Outpatient Department and nurses that have the longest working experience were shown to have higher levels of assertiveness, while both males and female respondents had the same results of moderately high assertiveness levels. There was a significant relationship between assertiveness and their demographic profiles, while there was none between the levels of self-esteem and their demographic profiles. The findings also suggested that assertiveness and self-esteem were positively and significantly correlated. Nurses are recommended to have regular assessments of their assertiveness as this affects self-esteem levels which result in effective therapeutic communication skills. Assertiveness training workshops or other interventions that would empower and improve the levels of assertiveness and self esteem could be initiated.
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    Assessing the Growth and Redistributive Impacts of Fiscal Policy Toward an Inclusive ASEAN, 2000-2020
    ( 2022-3) Consigna, Joshua Bonne
    The goal of attaining a people-centered and people-oriented community is a key priority for ASEAN. The association characterized this community as a caring and sharing society that pursues growth in a vertical and horizontal manner–one which not only strives for increased national income but also alleviates socio-economic problems faced by many ASEAN peoples today. As with any socio-economic intervention, the first step to reinforcing ASEAN’s capacity in attaining such a goal is understanding how its current strategies are faring. There should be data-backed benchmarks on which performance can be measured especially amid revenue-related concerns that ASEAN member countries face to date. Considering these fiscal-related issues and the ability of fiscal policy to achieve inclusive growth, the study developed econometric models to assess the impact of fiscal policy, specifically taxes and spending, on growth and income redistribution in selected ASEAN member countries. Consequently, given the seeming dearth of related literature on ASEAN, the study also provides insights into ASEAN's experience in the field of fiscal policy. Findings indicate that ASEAN is lagging in its goal of attaining a people-centered and people-oriented community in terms of the member states’ implementation of taxes and spending. Data suggests that ASEAN's progress is one-sided in support of economic growth and that ASEAN member countries have not been leveraging their fiscal policies in achieving inclusive growth.
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    Assessing the Spiritual Well-Being of Filipino Cancer Patients: A Nursing Perspective
    ( 2018) Tupas, Alyssa Jenny E.
    Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines. It is a serious disease that can result in not just physical and psychosocial difficulties but also spiritual distress. Knowing Filipinos have a high reverence to God, this can affect their health-related behavior and responses to illness like cancer. This study aimed to assess the spiritual well-being of Filipino adult cancer patients ages nineteen (19) to sixty (60) years old in a tertiary hospital. The objectives were: to determine the spiritual well-being of the patients (as measured by the Ideal and Personal states of Spiritual well-being and presence of Spiritual Dissonance); to determine the relationship between the spiritual well-being of the patients and the patient factors, and to describe the spiritual well-being experiences of the patients. A descriptive correlational research was used. The results showed that the patients had the highest spiritual well-being in the Transcendental Domain which describes one’s relationship with God. Seven (7) out of the ninety (90) participants had spiritual dissonance which made them at possible risk for spiritual distress. Age, the type of cancer, and the treatment received had significant relationship with the patient’s spiritual well-being. Triangulation of qualitative data based on the patients’ response of the HOPE Questions was also done. Themes identified were “love of God, family, and friends”, “community affinity”, “fidelity to prayer”, “test of Faith”, and “empathy”. In conclusion, Filipino adult cancer patients have high spiritual well-being despite the cancer burden. Havin this illness was a test of faith in which time had been an important component. At first, the patients experienced doubts their spiritual beliefs but eventually, with the acceptance of the illness comes a stronger faith in God. God, family, and friends had been their main source of strength, motivation, and hope. The religious community of the patients also helped develop the patient’s spiritual well-being through prayer and other spiritual acts, and by providing support to the patients. In the presence of cancer where the body and mind go weak, the cancer patients rely on the spirit to pull him or her through. This is where nursing plays an important role. The therapeutic interpersonal process between a nurse and a patient can help the patient develop aspects of life that he or she deems important in his or her spiritual health. Nurses can provide spiritual care to the cancer patients by identifying their spiritual needs, praying with them, allowing them to practice their spiritual beliefs, and by empathizing with them.
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    Assessment Of Business Environment Of Women Involved In Micro, Small, And Medium Enterprises (Msmes) In The Philippines: A Comparative Study With Select Asean Countries
    ( 2020-08-29) Solina, Myrtle Faye
    Background of the Study The ASEAN Coordinating Committee on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (ACCMSME) in 2020 cited that small and medium enterprises are key drivers and contributors to economic growth, account for 88.8% to 99.9% of all establishments, and generate between 51.7% and 97.2% of total employment. As such, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) Blueprint 2025 stated that the region would give new emphasis on assisting and promoting micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in its economic integration through a more structured and targeted MSME program. The program will be put in place to enhance MSME competitiveness, resilience, and to enable more significant benefits from ASEAN integration through various measures such as (a) promotion of productivity, use of technology, and adaption of innovation; (b) increase access to finance by developing and enhancing current framework, strengthening traditional infrastructure, enhancing policy environment and measures that foster alternative and non-traditional financing; (c) enhance market access and internationalization through the development of support schemes and integration into the global supply chains, e.g., promotion of collaboration with multinational corporations (MNCs) and large enterprises, foster the use of e-Commerce, and boost strategies to promote exports through export clinics, advisory services and rules of origin (ROO) utilization, and (d) enhance MSME policy and regulatory environment that supports intra- and inter-governmental cooperation and coordination mechanism through the involvement of MSMEs in the decision-making process to enable better representation of MSME interests, extend assistance to microenterprises in the informal sector and their integration, and streamline processes involved in obtaining permits and business registrations to enable less costly and faster business formation (ASEAN Secretariat, 2015). True to its overarching message, ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities, the region also recognizes the critical role of women in entrepreneurship. As such, the Joint Statement of the Second ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Women (AMMW) issued in October 2015 in Manila recognized that the realization of these principles requires the active engagement of all ASEAN Member States (AMS), sectoral bodies under the three (3) pillars of ASEAN, and stakeholders including civil society, academia, media, and private sectors. Further, the AEC Blueprint 2025 stated that promotion of entrepreneurship and social capital development by creating a more conducive environment for entrepreneurship. Some of the ways to realize this is through the ASEAN Online Academy and enhancing social capital development for MSMEs, with particular focus on youth and women, are among its priorities (ASEAN Secretariat, 2015). Focusing on women, Amartya Sen (2001), on his essay entitled “The Many Faces of Gender Inequality”, has identified seven (7) varieties of disparities between genders, namely (1) mortality inequality, (2) natality inequality, (3) basic-facility inequality, (4) special-opportunity inequality, (5) professional inequality, (6) ownership inequality, and (7) household inequality. Mortality inequality directly tackles life and death with women being observed to have high mortality rates than men on communities with documented gender-biased as compared to communities with little or no gender bias. Natality inequality is the preference for boys over girls, which is a characteristic of patriarchal societies. Basic-facility inequality, as the name suggests, are biases that involved basic needs such as equal opportunity to attend school and social functions. Special-opportunity inequality covers privileges such as access to higher education, training, and professional work, among others. Professional inequality is those inequalities which pertain to promotion in work and occupation. Ownership inequality relates to biases in property ownership, which was identified to affect not only the voice of women in the society but also makes it harder for women to enter and to flourish in commercial, economic, and even in some social functions. Household inequality directly tackles the unequal distribution of household roles and responsibilities, which in some societies, is to take for granted that men will naturally work outside the home. In contrast, women could do so if and only if they could combine such work with various inescapable and unequally shared household duties. Given the above scenarios, this study explored the business environment for Filipino women involved in the micro, small and medium enterprises. It drew a comparison with select ASEAN countries, namely Singapore and Myanmar, using the available published resources.
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    Biodiversity Conservation Governance: The Case of Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari, Waikato, New Zealand
    ( 2024-06-24) Orpia, Ma. Kristina P.
    Biodiversity conservation is an international environmental movement considering the various ecosystem services that biodiversity provides and their current status from several threats and pressures. In New Zealand, the introduced predatory mammals were regarded as one of the major threats to biodiversity loss. A number of biodiversity conservation projects were initiated to address this problem and improve the country's biodiversity. One of these is the Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari (SMM) conservation project which is co-governed and co-managed by key stakeholders such as government, landowners, iwi, and community. Through their combined efforts and sharing of a common goal, a 47-km pest-proof fence was built around Maungatautari, and pest animals (except mice) were eradicated. These actions created a safe habitat for the indigenous flora and fauna enabling species recovery programmes. As such, the study looked into the biodiversity conservation governance of SMM by analyzing its institutions, structures, and processes. The biodversity conservation governance of SMM can be described as policies- and plans-oriented, highly participated by stakeholders, and integrated with social, cultural and scientific aspects. Based on the best practices and accomplishments attained by SMM, a set of indicators were generated for the biodiversity conservation governance in a reserve or similar conservation areas. These indicators can be used not only to evaluate governance system but also to identify gaps and measures when planning and implementing biodiversity conservation projects in reserves or similar conservation areas.
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    Biodiversity in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park: An Assessment of the Adequacy of Current Data
    ( 2005) Tabangay-Baldera, Jeanne
    This study is aimed at assessing the adequacy of available biodiversity data to support conversation efforts in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River national Park, Palawan Island, Philippines. Eleven studies which were undertaken fom 1993 to 2002 were reviewed. Systematic species inventories and baseline data generation had been the primary focus of previous works. A preliminary list of plants, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and some invertebrates can be obtained from these studies. However, there are large gaps of knowledge on the basic biology and ecology of many key species. Knowledge of the park's biodiversity is limited and is presently outdated. There is a critical need for a research agenda that is up-to-date, of high quality and not redundant.
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    CARE Program and Caring Behaviors Among Nurses of End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis in a Government Training and Teaching Hospital in the Bicol Region, Philippines
    ( 2020-06-15) Malate, Alvin L.
    Caring is the heart of the nursing profession and the patients and their health status are dynamic and need to be cared for as a unit of body and mind. The caring behavior of nurses needs to improve as the demand for caring is vital in meeting the different needs of the patient. It can be achieved through introduction of a program that is specifically designed to effectively enhance the caring behavior of the nurses. Transpersonal caring as a background conceptual framework was used to explain that an educational training will create an effect on caring behaviors of nurses. Through this, nurse-patient relationship will improve quality health care and increase patient safety in clinical practice. It can be achieved by conducting educational training to improve nurses caring behavior. The CARE program was developed as an intervention for this study. The aim is to investigate the effectiveness of CARE program in improving the caring behavior of nurses caring for ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis. A one group pre-test post-test design was utilized. Post-tests were done one week and after one month. Convience sampling was used to select participants for the said program. The study population were nurses working on the identified wards and special areas and who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The CARE program for nurses caring for ESRD patients is the independent variable while the caring behavior of nurses is the dependent variable. Nurse variables such as age, sex, highest educational attainment, length of experience and training/s attended related to hemodialysis served as the modified variables. The CBI-24 nurse version was used as the research tool and results were interpreted using appropriate statistical treatment. There were thirty-nine (n=39) nurses who participated, majority were 21-30 years old (43.6%), mostly females, with BSN degrees (82.1%); and with no trainings on hemodialysis (71.8%). Mean scores on caring behavior reported were at 5.31 (pre-test) and 5.66 after one month. The following domains showed: on assurance (pre-test 5.42, post-test 5.72), on knowledge and skills (pre-test 5.47, post-test 5.73), on respectful domain (pre-test 5.31, post-test 5.68), connectedness domain (pre-test 5.04, post-test 5.55). Connectedness was associated with education. The area on giving patient instructions or teaching the patient was highlighted in connectedness. The discussion addresses some possible reasons why the participating nurses prioritized certain caring behaviors. Technical skills and taskoriented are common practice here in the Philippine health setting. Nurses are likely to prioritize their duties due to labor shortage. A one (1) day educational program tailored to improve the caring behavior of nurses was conducted and had a positive result that benefited the participants. The caring behaviors of the participants improved, and the training program gained a positive feedback.